tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-43311371165268216042024-03-12T19:35:57.308-07:00blognya Puanpuancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.comBlogger90125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-13244258603831112552019-09-05T21:54:00.001-07:002019-09-05T21:54:08.540-07:00SENI RUPA 2 DIMENSI & 3 DIMENSI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;">Seni Rupa 2 Dimensi dan
3 Dimensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">Seni Rupa 2 Dimensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Seni
rupa dua dimensi adalah suatu karya seni rupa yang memiliki dua sisi saja,
yaitu sisi panjang dan lebar, sehingga tidak mempunyai ruang karena tidak
mempunyai unsur ketebalan.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh :</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;">1. Lukisan</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;"><br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2. Seni Grafis<br />
Adalah cabang seni rupa yang berbentuk 2 Dimensi yang proses
pembuatan karyanya dengan menggunakan teknik cetak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Teknik
– teknik dalam seni rupa 2 dimensi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Plakat yaitu melukis dengan menggunakan cat poster, cat minyak cat akrelik,
dengan goresan yang tebal, sehingga menghasilkan warna pekat dan padat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1053" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik plakat"
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<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik plakat"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik plakat" border="0" height="159" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="205" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Transparan/Aquarel yaitu teknik menggambar / melukis dengan menggunakan cat
air, dengan sapuan warna yang tipis sehingga hasilnya nampak transparan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_20" o:spid="_x0000_i1052" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik transparan"
style='width:171.75pt;height:114.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik transparan"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik transparan" border="0" height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_20" width="229" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Kolase yaitu melukis dengan memotong kertas yang kemudian ditempel sehingga
membentuk lukisan yang realis atau abstrak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_23" o:spid="_x0000_i1051" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik kolase"
style='width:125.25pt;height:123pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik kolase"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik kolase" border="0" height="164" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_23" width="167" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
3M (melipat, menggunting, dan merekat) adalah merupakan proses manipulasi
lembaran kertas menjadi suatu bentuk tiga dimensi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; padding: 0in;">Unsur
– unsur Seni rupa 2 dimensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;">a. Titik /Bintik</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
Titik/bintik merupakan unsur dasar seni rupa yang terkecil. Semua wujud dihasilkan
mulai dari titik. Titik dapat pula menjadi pusat perhatian, bila berkumpul atau
berwarna beda.Titik yang membesar biasa disebut bintik.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_47" o:spid="_x0000_i1050"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur titik" style='width:189.75pt;
height:118.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg"
o:title="Image result for unsur titik"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur titik" border="0" height="158" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_47" width="253" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">b. Garis</span><br />
Garis adalah goresan atau batas limit dari suatu benda, ruang, bidang, warna,
texture, dan lainnya. Garis mempunyai dimensi memanjang dan mempunyai arah
tertentu, garis mempunyai berbagai sifat, seperti pendek, panjang, lurus,
tipis, vertikal, horizontal, melengkung, berombak, halus, tebal, miring,
patah-patah, dan masih banyak lagi sifat-sifat yang lain. Kesan lain dari garis
ialah dapat memberikan kesan gerak, ide, simbol, dan kode-kode tertentu, dan
lain sebagainya. Pemanfaatan garis dalam desain diterapkan guna mencapai kesan
tertentu, seperti untuk menciptakan kesan kekar, kuat simpel, megah ataupun juga
agung. Beberapa contoh symbol ekspresi garis serta kesan yang ditimbulkannya,
dan tentu saja dalam penerapannya nanti disesuaikan dengan warna-warnanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_44" o:spid="_x0000_i1049"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur garis" style='width:145.5pt;
height:81.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.jpg"
o:title="Image result for unsur garis"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur garis" border="0" height="109" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_44" width="194" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">c. Bidang</span><br />
Bidang dalam seni rupa merupakan salah satu unsur seni rupa yang terbentuk dari
hubungan beberapa garis. Bidang memiliki dimensi panjang dan lebar, sedangkan
bentuk memiliki dimensi panjang, lebar, dan tinggi. Atau dengan kata lain
bidang bersifat pipih, sedangkan bentuk memiliki isi atau volume. Dari
bentuknya bidang maupun bentuk terdiri dari beberapa macam, yakni; bidang
geometris, bidang biomorfis (organis), bidang bersudut, dan bidang tak
beraturan. Bidang dapat terbentuk karena kedua ujung garis yang bertemu, atau
dapat pula terjadi karena sapuan warna. Bidang dibatasi kontur dan merupakan 2
dimensi, menyatakan permukaan, dan memiliki ukuran Bidang dasar dalam seni rupa
antara lain, bidang segitiga, segiempat, trapesium, lingkaran, oval, dan segi
banyak lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_41" o:spid="_x0000_i1048"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur bidang" style='width:211.5pt;
height:103.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.gif"
o:title="Image result for unsur bidang"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur bidang" border="0" height="138" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_41" width="282" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">d. Bentuk</span><br />
Bentuk dalam pengertian bahasa, dapat berarti bangun (shape) atau bentuk
plastis (form). Bangun (shape) ialah bentuk benda yang polos, seperti yang
terlihat oleh mata, sekedar untuk menyebut sifatnya yang bulat, persegi,
ornamental, tak teratur dan sebagainya. Sedang bentuk plastis ialah bentuk
benda yang terlihat dan terasa karena adanya unsur nilai (value) dari benda
tersebut, contohnya lemari. Lemari hadir di dalam suatu ruangan bukan hanya
sekedar kotak persegi empat, akan tetapi mempunyai nilai dan peran yang
lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_38" o:spid="_x0000_i1047"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur bentuk" style='width:120pt;
height:135.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg"
o:title="Image result for unsur bentuk"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur bentuk" border="0" height="181" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_38" width="160" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br />
e. Tekstur</span><br />
Tekstur merupakan sifat permukaan sebuah benda. Sifat permukaan dapat berkesan
halus, kasar, kusam, mengkilap, licin, berpori dan sebagainya. Kesan-kesan
tersebut dapat dirasakan melalui penglihatan dan rabaan. Oleh karena itu
terdapat dua jenis tekstur, yaitu tekstur nyata,yaitu sifat permukaan yang
menunjukkan kesan sebenarnya antara penglihatan mata dan rabaan, dan tekstur
semu (maya), yaitu kesan permukaan benda yang antara penglihatan dan rabaan
dapat berbeda kesannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_35" o:spid="_x0000_i1046"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur tekstur" style='width:147.75pt;
height:185.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg"
o:title="Image result for unsur tekstur"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur tekstur" border="0" height="247" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_35" width="197" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br />
f. Warna</span><br />
Teori warna berdasarkan cahaya dapat dilihat melalui tujuh spectrum warna dalam
ilmu Fisika seperti halnya warna pelangi. Secara teori warna dapat dipelajari
melalui dua pendekatan salah satunya adalah teori warna berdasarkan pigmen
warna (Goethe) yakni butiran halus pada warna. Beberapa istilah yang perlu
diketahui dalam teori warna pigmen diantaranya;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_26"
o:spid="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for lingkaran warna"
style='width:116.25pt;height:114.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg"
o:title="Image result for lingkaran warna"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for lingkaran warna" border="0" height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_26" width="155" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Warna
Primer, yakni warna dasar atau warna pokok yang tidak dapat diperoleh dari
campuran warna lain. Warna primer terdiri dari merah, kuning, dan biru, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Warna
Sekunder, yaitu warna yang diperoleh dari campuran kedua warna primer, misalnya
warna ungu, oranye (jingga) , dan hijau, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Warna
Tersier, yakni warna yang merupakan hasil percampuran kedua warna
sekunder, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Warna
analogus, yaitu deretan warna yang letaknya berdampingan dalam lingkaran warna,
misalnya deretan dari warna ungu menuju warna merah, deretan warna hijau menuju
warna kuning, dan lain-lain, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Warna
komplementer, yakni warna kontras yang letaknya berseberangan dalam lingkaran
warna, misalnya, kuning dengan ungu, merah dengan hijau, dan lain-lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
g. Gelap Terang<br />
Dalam karya seni rupa dua dimensi gelap terang dapat berfungsi untuk beberapa
hal, antara lain: menggambarkan benda menjadi berkesan tiga dimensi, menyatakan
kesan ruang atau kedalaman, dan memberi perbedaan (kontras). Gelap terang dalam
karya seni rupa dapat terjadi karena intensitas (daya pancar) warna, dapat pula
terjadi karena percampuran warna hitam dan putih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_29" o:spid="_x0000_i1044"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur gelap terang" style='width:153pt;
height:121.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg"
o:title="Image result for unsur gelap terang"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur gelap terang" border="0" height="162" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image023.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_29" width="204" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
h. Ruang (kedalaman)<br />
Ruang dalam karya tiga dimensi dapat dirasakan langsung oleh pengamat seperti
halnya ruangan dalam rumah, ruang kelas, dan sebaginya. Dalam karya dua dimensi
ruang dapat mengacu pada luas bidang gambar. Unsur ruang atau kedalaman pada
karya dua dimensi bersifat semu (maya) karena diperoleh melalui kesan
penggambaran yang pipih, datar, menjorok, cembung, jauh dekat dan
sebagainya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_32"
o:spid="_x0000_i1043" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for unsur ruang"
style='width:183.75pt;height:114.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg"
o:title="Image result for unsur ruang"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for unsur ruang" border="0" height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image025.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_32" width="245" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Contoh tokoh Seni rupa 2 dimensi</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1. Raden Saleh Sjarif Boestaman <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C4Vn4mPDeTpOLm_Q8JnFpYMJBJAqTndNAFtvbwYUMrosOqNELazfOXdXeVK-wKd9KhZNHQCmXawStut1QxSLxyKDXNez0ORiw82_FJl2pHSR4GAAlUXQ7PZvwQlH-LWSMGc8HmIvrCk/s1600/asep21.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration-line: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_6"
o:spid="_x0000_i1042" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C4Vn4mPDeTpOLm_Q8JnFpYMJBJAqTndNAFtvbwYUMrosOqNELazfOXdXeVK-wKd9KhZNHQCmXawStut1QxSLxyKDXNez0ORiw82_FJl2pHSR4GAAlUXQ7PZvwQlH-LWSMGc8HmIvrCk/s320/asep21.jpg"
href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_C4Vn4mPDeTpOLm_Q8JnFpYMJBJAqTndNAFtvbwYUMrosOqNELazfOXdXeVK-wKd9KhZNHQCmXawStut1QxSLxyKDXNez0ORiw82_FJl2pHSR4GAAlUXQ7PZvwQlH-LWSMGc8HmIvrCk/s1600/asep21.jpg"
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2.Vincent van Gogh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi31S8H4qVBa29gMpZsIX9Z94n9RuSv_nD-L2VqMllT5EL0GnJybDI1oZfDRCOUK_bYhB8vsF6Mo0wMcQYOubNh0UAJie3whz1LyDOg1VZfwQbR7MAVkdSz96BxKvoODuRp0GvQzYgsPsE/s1600/download.jpg"
style='width:153pt;height:121.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
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o:title="download"/>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span><span style="border: 1pt none windowtext; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; padding: 0in;">SENI RUPA 3 DIMENSI</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<br />
Karya seni rupa yang memiliki dimensi panjang, lebar dan tinggi, atau karya
yang memiliki volume dan menempati ruang.<br />
<br />
Contoh : seni patung, seni kriya, seni keramik, seni arsitektur dan berbagai
desain produk.<br />
<br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Teknik – teknik Seni Rupa 3 Dimensi</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Aplikasi yaitu karya hias dalam seni jahit-menjahit dengan menempelkan
(menjahitkan) guntingan-guntingan kain yang dibentuk seperti bunga, buah,
binatang, dsb pada kain lain sebagai hiasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Mozaik yaitu dengan menempel benda-benda tiga demensi yang ditata sedemikian
rupa sehingga menghasilkan lukisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_50" o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik mozaik"
style='width:108pt;height:108pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik mozaik"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik mozaik" border="0" height="144" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image031.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_50" width="144" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Menganyam adalah seni kerajinan yang dikerjakan dengan cara mengangkat dan
menumpangtindihkan atau menyilang-nyilangkan bahan sehingga menjadi suatu karya
anyaman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_62" o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik menganyam"
style='width:147pt;height:121.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image032.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik menganyam"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik menganyam" border="0" height="162" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image033.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_62" width="196" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Merakit adalah membuat karya dengan cara menyambung-nyambung beberapa bagian
atau potongan bahan. Caranya disebut merakit, hasilnya disebut rakitan.
Potongan bahan disambungkan dengan cara dilas, dipatri, disekrup atau dengan
cara yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Makrame adalah sebuah bentuk seni kerajinan simpul-menyimpul dengan menggarap
rantaian benang awal dan akhir suatu hasil tenunan, dengan membuat berbagai
simpul pada rantai benang tersebut sehingga terbentuk aneka rumbai dan jumbai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_59" o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik makrame"
style='width:166.5pt;height:111pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image034.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik makrame"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik makrame" border="0" height="148" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image035.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_59" width="222" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Menuang (cor) yaitu proses menuang menggunakan bahan cair yang dituangkan pada
alat acuan yang berbentuk cetakan.Setelah menjadi keras dikeluarkan dari
acuan/cetakan.Bahan cair ini dibuat dari semen, plastic, karet, gips, dan logam
(tembaga, besi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_56" o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik cor"
style='width:254.25pt;height:84.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image036.jpg"
o:title="Image result for teknik cor"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik cor" border="0" height="113" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image037.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_56" width="339" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Butsir adalah teknik yang hanya menggunakan alat telapak tangan dan alat lain
(kayu, kawat) sederhana. Bahan yang digunakan lunak, elastis, lentur antara
lain tanah liat, plastisi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_53" o:spid="_x0000_i1036" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik butsir"
style='width:187.5pt;height:138pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image038.png"
o:title="Image result for teknik butsir"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik butsir" border="0" height="184" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image039.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_53" width="250" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Pahat yaitu membentuk dengan jalan membuang bahan yang tidak dipergunakan
dengan cara memahat. Cara pembuatannya dengan menggunakan alat pahat (tatah)
atau ukir dan martil. Bahan (media) yang digunakan adalah bahan keras seperti
batu, cadas, kayu, gips, tanah liat kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_65" o:spid="_x0000_i1035" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for teknik pahat"
style='width:171.75pt;height:96.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image040.png"
o:title="Image result for teknik pahat"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for teknik pahat" border="0" height="129" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image041.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_65" width="229" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Menjahit adalah cara melekatkan (menyambung, mengelem, dsb) dengan jarum dan
benang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Teknik
Membangun yaitu kegiatan yang mencakup aktivitas menyusun berbagai komponen
untuk dijadikan benda trimatra (tiga dimensi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><br />
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><br />
Contoh Tokoh Seni Rupa 3 dimensi</span><br />
<br />
1. Edhi Sunarso<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4o6mLlH83kL_NwSVJN3AefUzbf2el-5MiW3HIFK3JhpkE8RDDvK83hSkx5qxhM-RHdLYIDCSpajOOrxu6sypQ_PCAdu-9A5JmQ38ShdApVfoWEjGtm8xHGwHeJ2uLIrzf5KEY7p0nz5Y/s1600/Patung_Pembebasan_Irian_Barat.jpg"><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-decoration-line: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10"
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href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4o6mLlH83kL_NwSVJN3AefUzbf2el-5MiW3HIFK3JhpkE8RDDvK83hSkx5qxhM-RHdLYIDCSpajOOrxu6sypQ_PCAdu-9A5JmQ38ShdApVfoWEjGtm8xHGwHeJ2uLIrzf5KEY7p0nz5Y/s1600/Patung_Pembebasan_Irian_Barat.jpg"
style='width:93.75pt;height:117pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'
o:button="t">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image042.jpg"
o:title="Patung_Pembebasan_Irian_Barat"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4o6mLlH83kL_NwSVJN3AefUzbf2el-5MiW3HIFK3JhpkE8RDDvK83hSkx5qxhM-RHdLYIDCSpajOOrxu6sypQ_PCAdu-9A5JmQ38ShdApVfoWEjGtm8xHGwHeJ2uLIrzf5KEY7p0nz5Y/s400/Patung_Pembebasan_Irian_Barat.jpg" border="0" height="156" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image043.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_10" width="125" /><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20pt;">MEDIA
BERKARYA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">SENI RUPA 2 DIMENSI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pensil</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; dibuat dengan campuran grafitda tanah liat.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Konte</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; bertekstur halus dan berwarna sangar hitam.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_68"
o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for konte" style='width:90pt;
height:90pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image044.jpg"
o:title="Image result for konte"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for konte" border="0" height="120" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image045.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_68" width="120" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pensil warna</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; terdiri dari bermacam-macam warna yang
bertekstur lembut </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Krayon</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; terbuat dari unsur lilin dan kapur </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_71"
o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Related image" style='width:160.5pt;
height:114.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image046.jpg"
o:title="Related image"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Related image" border="0" height="153" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image047.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_71" width="214" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pena</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; beris tinta yang biasanya berwarna, hitam,
biru, dan merah. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
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o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for pena" style='width:194.25pt;
height:129pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image048.jpg"
o:title="Image result for pena"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for pena" border="0" height="172" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image049.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_89" width="259" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cat cair</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; bahan untuk melukis di atas kertas, bersifat
transparan dan mudah larut. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_86"
o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for cat air"
style='width:128.25pt;height:128.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.jpg"
o:title="Image result for cat air"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for cat air" border="0" height="171" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image051.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_86" width="171" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Cat minyak</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; membutuhkan waktu yang lama (beberapa hari)
untuk mengering. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_83"
o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for cat minyak"
style='width:136.5pt;height:136.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image052.jpg"
o:title="Image result for cat minyak"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for cat minyak" border="0" height="182" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image053.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_83" width="182" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kanvas</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; kain yang berlapis cat campur lem </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_74"
o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for kanvas"
style='width:76.5pt;height:115.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image054.jpg"
o:title="Image result for kanvas"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for kanvas" border="0" height="154" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image055.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_74" width="102" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kuas</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; untuk menggoreskan cat </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Palet</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; tatakan/wadah untuk menaruh dan mencampur
warna-warna cat. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_92"
o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for palet" style='width:91.5pt;
height:91.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image056.jpg"
o:title="Image result for palet"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for palet" border="0" height="122" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image057.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_92" width="122" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Komputer</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; untuk teknik-teknik tertentu seperti
gambar-gambar digital. </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kertas</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">; Media untuk melukis</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 3.75pt;">
<span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">SENI RUPA 3 DIMENSI</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Bahan lunak</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> :</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Kertas, karton, styrofoam.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Bahan liat</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> :</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Tanah liat, gips, lilin, plastisin.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Bahan keras</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> :</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> Kayu, batu, logam.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Alat acuan</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> :berbentuk cetakan alat ini dipakai apabila kita
membuat karya seni 3 dimensi dengan teknik cor</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_95" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for alat acuan"
style='width:131.25pt;height:129pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image058.jpg"
o:title="Image result for alat acuan"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for alat acuan" border="0" height="172" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image059.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_95" width="175" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">kayu</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> : alat ini dipakai apabila kita akan membutsir</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">kawat</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> : alat ini dipakai apabila kita akan membutsir</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">alat pahat ,
ukit atau martil</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> : alat ini dipakai apabila kita hendak membuat
pahatan / patung</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_98" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Image result for alat pahat"
style='width:152.25pt;height:152.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Repair\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image060.jpg"
o:title="Image result for alat pahat"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Image result for alat pahat" border="0" height="203" src="file:///C:/Users/Repair/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image061.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_98" width="203" /><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Gunting</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> </span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Pisau</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Silet</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">, </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Amplas</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">,</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: red; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Bor</span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #444444; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">, dan lain lain.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sumber:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.poscampur.org/2014/09/pengertian-seni-rupa-2-dimensi-dan-3.html">http://www.poscampur.org/2014/09/pengertian-seni-rupa-2-dimensi-dan-3.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://aosinsuwadi.blogspot.com/2014/09/bahan-media-dan-teknik-berkarya-seni.html">http://aosinsuwadi.blogspot.com/2014/09/bahan-media-dan-teknik-berkarya-seni.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://harmoni-seni.blogspot.com/2017/11/bahan-dan-media-karya-seni-rupa-3.html">https://harmoni-seni.blogspot.com/2017/11/bahan-dan-media-karya-seni-rupa-3.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-75379990386576437492018-05-07T18:25:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:25:58.424-07:00Alat Optik, Periskop<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; color: #4e2800; line-height: normal; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt;">
<img alt="Image result for periskop adalah" height="400" src="https://www.bimbingan.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Kegunaan-Periskop.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Periskop</b> merupakan alat optik untuk mengamati suatu objek dari posisi tersembunyi. Periskop sederhana dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan tabung yang diberikan cermin paralel yang saling berhadapan dengan sudut 45° pada setiap sisinya. Periskop sederhana sering digunakan sebagai alat untuk melihat ketika dihalangi kerumunan orang. Periskop yang canggih biasa ditemukan pada kendaraan tempur lapis baja dan kapal selam. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">benda yang berada diatas ataupun dibawah kedudukan kita. </span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -18pt;">4.</span><span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; text-indent: -18pt;"> <b> </b></span><span class="a" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><b>Landasan Teori</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span class="a">Mengutip dari wikipedia Indonesia periskop </span><span class="l">merupakan</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alat_optik&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"> <span class="l11">alat optik </span></span></a><span class="a">untuk mengamati suatu objek dari posisi tersembunyi. Penemu periskop sendiri adalah Thomas H. Doughty seorang warga Amerika Serikat. Periskop sederhana dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan kertas karton berbentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabung" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;">tabung </span></a><span class="a"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;">yang </span>diberikan</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cermin" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"> cermin</span></a><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paralel&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"> paralel </span></a><span class="a">yang saling berhadapan dengan</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudut" style="color: #b5653b; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: black;"> sudut </span></a><span class="a">45° pada setiap</span> <span class="a">sisinya. Dalam prinsip kerjanya periskop sederhana memanfaatkan sifat-sifat dari cahaya. Adapun </span><span class="l9">sifat dari cahaya </span><span class="l7">sebagai </span><span class="l6">berikut :</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1.Cahaya Merambat Lurus</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2.Cahaya Dapat Dibiaskan Pembiasan adalah pembelokan arah rambat cahaya, saat melewati dua medium yang berbeda kerapatannya. Apabila cahaya merambat dari zat yang kurang rapat ke zat yang lebih rapat, cahaya akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal. Misalnya cahaya merambat dari udara ke air. Sebaliknya, apabila cahaya merambat dari zat yang lebih rapat ke zat yang kurang rapat, cahaya akan dibiaskan menjauhi garisnormal . Misalnya cahaya merambat dari air ke udara.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">3. Cahaya dapat diuraikan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">4.Cahaya menembus benda bening</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">5.Cahaya dapat dipantulkan Pemantulan (refleksi) atau pencerminan adalah proses terpancarnya kembali cahaya dari permukaan benda yang terkena cahaya. Pemantulan cahaya ada 2 yaitu : 1. Pemantulan Difuse ( pemantulan cahaya baur) yaitu : pemantulan cahaya kesegala arah. 2. Pemantulan cahaya teratur : yaitu pemantulan cahaya yang mempunyai arah teratur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bila seberkas cahaya jatuh pada suatu permukaan, maka cahaya ada yang dipantulkan oleh permukaan tersebut. Sifat-sifat pemantulan berkas cahaya itu diselidiki oleh Willebord Snellius(1581-1626). Dari hasil penyelidikan ini dapat dihasilkan suatu hukum yang disebut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Hukum Pemantulan snelliusyang berbunyi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1. Sinar datang, garis normal dan sinar pantul terletak pada satu bidang datar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">2. Sudut datang (i) sama dengan sudut pantul (p)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cermin adalah benda yang memantulkan hampir seluruh cahaya yang datang padanya. Cermin datar adalah cermin yang permukaan pantulnya datar. Sifat-sifat bayangan yang di bentuk oleh cermin datar adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Ukuran (besar dan tinggi) bayangan sama dengan ukuran benda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Jarak bayangan ke cermin sama dengan jarak benda ke cermin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Kenampakan bayangan berlawanan dengan benda. Misalnya tangan kirimu akan menjadi tangan kanan bayanganmu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Bayangan tegak seperti bendanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">v<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Bayangan bersifat semu atau maya. Artinya, bayangan dapat dilihat dalam cermin, tetapi tidak dapat ditangkap oleh layar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="letter-spacing: -0.7pt;"><b>Prinsip Kerja :</b></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Prinsip kerja periskop adalah membentuk bayangan dengan melakukan pemantulan pada dua permukaan cermin datar yang dipasang atau disusun secara sejajar dan diposisikan miring agar mengarah ke pengamat, lalu pemantulan tersebut diteruskan ke mata pengamat. Cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh obyek akan dipantulkan oleh cermin pertama yang berada diatas cermin kedua yang dipasang sejajar. Lalu cermin kedua memantulkan kembali cahaya yang bergerak lurus dan dipantulkan oleh cermin pertama ke pengamat. Sayangnya periskop hanya bisa melihat obyek-obyek yang segaris lurus dengan pengamat. Periskop sederhana bekerja dengan memantulkan sinar yang datang ke cermin datar pertama. Oleh cermin ini, sinar tadi dipantulkan kembali ke cermin datar kedua. Oleh cermin datar kedua tadi, sinar datang dipantulkan ke mata pengamat dalam bentuk bayangan yang dapat dilihat oleh <span class="a">mata pengamat.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Simpulan</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">a.Periskop sederhana dapat digunakan untuk mengamati dari posisi tersembunyi, membantu melihat-lihat melewati dinding, sudut, atau hambatan lain yang menghalangi pandangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> b.Cahaya memang dapat menembus benda bening, contohnya kaca, yang digunakan didalam periskop, sehingga periskop dapat digunakan sesuai dengan kegunaannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">c.Cahaya dapat dipantulkan. Seperti dalam periskop, cahaya dipantulkan dari cermin atas ke cermin bawah, sehingga orang yang didalam periskop dapat melihat sekelilingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">d.Cara kerja periskop sangat sederhana, yaitu: diawali dengan masuknya cahaya pada kotak di bagian depan dan diterima oleh cermin bagian atas. Cermin tersebut kemudian mengirimkan cahaya yang diterima ke cermin yang disimpan di bagian bawah. Selanjutnya, cermin dibawah ini mengirimkan cahaya menuju mata kita, sehingga kita dapat melihat disekeliling kita di dalam karton atau periskop sederhana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sumber :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://seweruhe.blogspot.co.id/2017/01/periskop-periskop-adalah-sebuah.html">http://seweruhe.blogspot.co.id/2017/01/periskop-periskop-adalah-sebuah.html</a></span></div>
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<a href="https://goo.gl/images/PiHxeX">https://goo.gl/images/PiHxeX</a></div>
puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-52414957055848951272018-05-07T18:16:00.004-07:002018-05-07T18:16:24.730-07:00Alat Optik, Teleskop<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">PENGERTIAN TELESKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop adalah sebuah alat bantu penglihatan (optik) untuk mengamati benda-benda yang jauh terutama benda yang berada di langit seperti bulan dan bintang. Teleskop dapat menjalankan fungsi tersebut karena kemampuannya memperkuat cahaya dan memperbesar bayangan, sehingga benda-benda yang jauh dapat terlihat lebih dekat dan jelas. Teleskop juga disebut dengan teropong.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Yt0u8jxWcpPknU61m6FD3zdG67u6vr-uG-aMiToE7veOfd7cUhnp7RK72CJ4q0mQWZVLs105cA2BalGUyeyTU9HYtrZRZJ9kI4m5VlEOZoeHA32QgrUhmUoUBXDCYlSV7hyPpoRQNPE/s1600/teleskop.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="320" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Yt0u8jxWcpPknU61m6FD3zdG67u6vr-uG-aMiToE7veOfd7cUhnp7RK72CJ4q0mQWZVLs105cA2BalGUyeyTU9HYtrZRZJ9kI4m5VlEOZoeHA32QgrUhmUoUBXDCYlSV7hyPpoRQNPE/s320/teleskop.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9Yt0u8jxWcpPknU61m6FD3zdG67u6vr-uG-aMiToE7veOfd7cUhnp7RK72CJ4q0mQWZVLs105cA2BalGUyeyTU9HYtrZRZJ9kI4m5VlEOZoeHA32QgrUhmUoUBXDCYlSV7hyPpoRQNPE/s320/teleskop.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="276" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">SEJARAH TELESKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hans Lippershey </span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">yang merupakan seorang pembuat kacamata berasal dari Middleburg, Belanda. pada tanggal 2 Oktober 1608 menciptakan alat pertama yang disebut sebagai teleskop. Teleskop ini mempunyai kemampuan untuk memperbesar benda-benda yang diamati hingga lima kali lipat. Setahun kemudian pada tahun 1609, Galileo Galilei menciptakan teleskop pertama yang digunakan dalam bidang astronomi, yang dapat memperbesar hingga 20 kali lipat, sehingga pada tahun 1610 ia membenarkan teori “alam semesta berpusat pada matahari”.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://softilmu.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/alat-alat-optik.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Baca juga : </a><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://softilmu.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/alat-alat-optik.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">Macam-Macam Alat Optik</a><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada tahun 1668, <b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Isaac Newton </b>menciptakan teleskop baru yaitu teleskop yang menggunakan cermin sebagai lensa. Sehingga penemuan ini merupakan titik balik dalam sejarah ilmu sains. Kemudian pada pertengahan abad ke 17, <b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Havelius</b>, seorang astronom yang berasal dari jerman membuat teleskop berlensa yang kerangkanya diciptakan dari kayu setinggi 46 meter.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selanjutnya <b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Huygens </b>yang merupakan seorgan astronom dari Belanda menggunakan teleskop dengan lensa yang berbeda, teleskopnya juga tidak menggunakan tabung dan hanya terdiri dari dua buah lensa.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada tahun 1897, di Teluk Williams, Amerika Serikat, dibuatlah sebuat teleskop Yerkes dengan diameter 101 cm, sehingga menjadi teleskop berlensa terbesar di dunia pada saat itu. Hingga sekarang, yang menjadi teleskop terbesar adalah teleskop Keck yang di buat di puncak gunung berapi Mauna Kea di Hawaii, Teleskop ini mempunyai kemampuan untuk meilihat suatu area delapan kali lebih luas dibandingkan teleskop lain.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">BAGIAN</span></b><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">-BAGIAN</span></b><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> TELESKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui untuk memahami bagian-bagian lensa adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa cembung adalah lensa yang bersifat mengumpulkan cahaya atau konvergen</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa cekung adalah lensa yang bersifat menyebarkan cahaya atau divergen</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Cermin cembung adalah cermin yang menyebarkan cahaya</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Cermin cekung adalah cermin yang dapat mengumpulkan cahaya</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Jarak fokus merupakan jarak yang diperlukan oleh lensa atau cermin untuk mengarahkan cahaya pada titik fokus</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Bidang pandang merupakan area langit atau daerah yang dapat dilihat dan diamati melalui teleskop</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Perbesaran merupakan panjang fokus teleskop yang dibagi dengan panjang fokus lensa pada mata</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Resolusi merupakan jarak terdekat diantara kedua objek yang masih dapat dilihat sebagai dua objek yang terpisah</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada teleskop, bagian yang paling vital atau paling penting adalah lensanya. Teleskop memiliki dua lensa positif atau cembung, yang terletak dekat dengan objek disebut dengan lensa objektif, dan yang terletak dekat dengan mata (tempat pengamat mengintip) disebut dengan lensa okuler. Pada teleskop bumi juga terdapat lensa pembalik, yang berfungsi untuk membalikkan bayangan tanpa melakukan pembesaran sehingga bayangan akhir yang terbentuk dapat tegak seperti arah benda semula. Dahulu kala, teleskop hanya berupa lensa dan rangkanya saja, dan mengutamakan pada fungsinya, akan tetapi seiring berkembangnya zaman, teleskop pun dilengkapi dengan bagian-bagian berikut ini:<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Tabung teleskop</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">, m</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">erupakan tempat cermin utama terletak, tabung ini memiliki diameter 8 inci, tabung memiliki penutup tabung. Pada bagian belakang tabung terdapat visual back untuk tempat pemasangan flip mirror. Panjang fokus dapat di atur dengan memutar knop yang terletak dibawah visual back</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Finderscope</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">, m</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">erupakan teleskop berukuran kecil yang dipasang pada tabung utama</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Eyepiece</span></i><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">, merupakan fungsi lensa okuler. Eyepiece ini memiliki pengunci untuk keamanannya sehingga tidak terjatuh dan hilang.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Mounting</span></i><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">, lebih dikenal dengan dudukan teleskop, merupakan sistem penggerak utama pada teleskop, yang dilengkapi dengan knop pengatur lintang, tutup sumbu polar, skala ketinggian lintang untuk mengetahui posisi lintang pengamat berada, pemberat sudut jam untuk penyeimbang pada arah sudut jam. Pada mounting juga terdapat port koneksi yang terdiri dari tombol-tombol termasuk tombol untuk menyalakan teleskop</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tripod</i>, sebagai kaki untuk berpijaknya teleskop diatas suatu permukaan</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Half Pillar</i>, untuk menaikkan posisi mounting, sehingga dapat mengatur tripod terbentur pada tiang pemberat ketika teleskop sedang digunakan</span></li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFxvlzsfsPCDGO-QXDZ5pAhNxVwn-yl8fXIeB9uIxDWWZEQGc7pB4ygHiGEC6m8KWb1q_IPt7etz4Upd0e8T8K9ZVMp3MnEYJAB6KOspCL9s6uub_DdVBJD5Ma-HHKi5nXfewezUHUaA/s1600/bagian.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFxvlzsfsPCDGO-QXDZ5pAhNxVwn-yl8fXIeB9uIxDWWZEQGc7pB4ygHiGEC6m8KWb1q_IPt7etz4Upd0e8T8K9ZVMp3MnEYJAB6KOspCL9s6uub_DdVBJD5Ma-HHKi5nXfewezUHUaA/s1600/bagian.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPFxvlzsfsPCDGO-QXDZ5pAhNxVwn-yl8fXIeB9uIxDWWZEQGc7pB4ygHiGEC6m8KWb1q_IPt7etz4Upd0e8T8K9ZVMp3MnEYJAB6KOspCL9s6uub_DdVBJD5Ma-HHKi5nXfewezUHUaA/s1600/bagian.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bagian Teleskop</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">JENIS-JENIS TELESKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Umumnya, teleskop terbagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu:<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Teleskop reflektor<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop reflektor merupakan teleskop yang menggunakan cermin sebagai pengganti terhadap lensa untuk menangkap cahaya dan memantulkannya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Teleskop refraktor<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan teleskop bias yang terdiri dari beberapa kaca lensa sebagai alat yang digunakan untuk menangkap cahaya dan menjalankan fungsi teleskop.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Teleskop catadioptrik<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan teleskop yang mempunyai sistem kerja yang tidak jauh beda dengan dua jenis teleskop diatas. Karena teleskop ini merupakan penggabungan dari teleskop refraktor dan reflektor, yang menggunakan dua media untuk pengumpulan cahayanya, yaitu cermin dan lensa.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contoh dari pada teleskop refraktor adalah:<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Teleskop Bumi<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop ini disebut juga dengan teleskop medan teleskop yojana, yang menghasilkan bayangan akhir tegah terhadap arah benda awalnya. Hal ini didapat dari hasil menggunakan lensa cembung ketiga yang letakkan diantara lensa objektif dan lensa okular didekat mata. Sehingga lensa cembung ketiga hanya memiliki fungsi untuk membalikkan bayangan tanpa memberika perbesaran, sehingga lensa ini juga disebut dengan lensa pembalik.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP8D2QZeGs9k_4HFE48zgJXyqmd_AmPCnTIO5EYE3UZzgyzfHlqa-8ubvZEDBp4HR0AUG-C0S5kOfR2z9Ym4ZWQsbOuXyImQ_JsOoTdp6SVs1FStAHD47UpsJAIlxpHbYi1SMUyC_L54E/s1600/teleskop+bumi.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP8D2QZeGs9k_4HFE48zgJXyqmd_AmPCnTIO5EYE3UZzgyzfHlqa-8ubvZEDBp4HR0AUG-C0S5kOfR2z9Ym4ZWQsbOuXyImQ_JsOoTdp6SVs1FStAHD47UpsJAIlxpHbYi1SMUyC_L54E/s1600/teleskop+bumi.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP8D2QZeGs9k_4HFE48zgJXyqmd_AmPCnTIO5EYE3UZzgyzfHlqa-8ubvZEDBp4HR0AUG-C0S5kOfR2z9Ym4ZWQsbOuXyImQ_JsOoTdp6SVs1FStAHD47UpsJAIlxpHbYi1SMUyC_L54E/s1600/teleskop+bumi.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop Bumi</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Teleskop Bintang<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop ini disebut juga dengan teleskop astronomi digunakan untuk mengamati benda-benda angkasa luar. Teleskop bintang menggunakan dua buah lensa positif, masing-masing sebagai lensa obyektif dan lensa okuler. Berbeda dengan mikroskop, pada teleskop jarak focus lensa obyektif lebih besar dari jarak fokus lensa okuler.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsrTeaLP16RTej5jiLEKe7U9wru4yECid0HhdMbzNTcX4Z1R0FbDwCDODG09F7izVUrtJfaL7ju0GCR1pLUekpEuT3V9pN_1EKlFMH-9uUHWB7b1qLrTaUQLeMw3TOxuvR8OcrBZIoVM/s1600/teleskop+bintang.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsrTeaLP16RTej5jiLEKe7U9wru4yECid0HhdMbzNTcX4Z1R0FbDwCDODG09F7izVUrtJfaL7ju0GCR1pLUekpEuT3V9pN_1EKlFMH-9uUHWB7b1qLrTaUQLeMw3TOxuvR8OcrBZIoVM/s1600/teleskop+bintang.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHsrTeaLP16RTej5jiLEKe7U9wru4yECid0HhdMbzNTcX4Z1R0FbDwCDODG09F7izVUrtJfaL7ju0GCR1pLUekpEuT3V9pN_1EKlFMH-9uUHWB7b1qLrTaUQLeMw3TOxuvR8OcrBZIoVM/s1600/teleskop+bintang.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop Bintang</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Teleskop Galilei</span></i></b><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan teleskop yang dibuat oleh Galilei dan disebut juga teleskop belnada atau teleskop tonil. Teleskop ini menghasilkan bayangan akhir yang tegak dan diperbesar dengan menggunakan dua buah lensa, lensa positif sebagai lensa objektif yang terletak dekat dengan objek dan lensa negatif sebagai lensa okuler yang terletak didekat mata pengamat.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg1VpZNp7CJApyvD_ZGaJxEuDOF2PsJzlSGMl4vsJnUPK0vDLCKVyd16aanOA8VbS5xkHmBt5PCh41SFJngjh0pzw_95rSGUgvEZFldYd4w3_bJfoNLnNVnY5b6EJfjizSY4PIiv4sUos/s1600/teleskop+galilei.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="400" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg1VpZNp7CJApyvD_ZGaJxEuDOF2PsJzlSGMl4vsJnUPK0vDLCKVyd16aanOA8VbS5xkHmBt5PCh41SFJngjh0pzw_95rSGUgvEZFldYd4w3_bJfoNLnNVnY5b6EJfjizSY4PIiv4sUos/s400/teleskop+galilei.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg1VpZNp7CJApyvD_ZGaJxEuDOF2PsJzlSGMl4vsJnUPK0vDLCKVyd16aanOA8VbS5xkHmBt5PCh41SFJngjh0pzw_95rSGUgvEZFldYd4w3_bJfoNLnNVnY5b6EJfjizSY4PIiv4sUos/s400/teleskop+galilei.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="279" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop Galilei</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Teleskop Prisma<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop ini Penggunaan lensa pembalik untuk menghasilkan bayangan akhir yang tegak mengakibatkan teleskop bumi menjadi tampak panjang. Untuk menghindari hal tersebut maka lensa pembalik diganti dengan penggunaan dua prisma siku-siku sama kaki yang disisipkan di antara lensa obyektif dan lensa okuler. Prisma itu berfungsi untuk membalikkan bayangan dengan pemantulan secara sempurna. Teleskop digunakan untuk melihat benda-benda yang sangat jauh sehingga tampak lebih dekat dan jelas.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1yGnVGJ8J-EALxZh4jmmQCuVcQiDwzvftOExMLSQ6tLnBrxvYq40XgDxIntL45e94CwapLcHE3-4LCy2xFSiGnGIklr_BcRkSDIfQD0qPxdXipWm9eDDbYY1AI901B864tgH3igXSd7o/s1600/teleskop+prisma.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="247" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1yGnVGJ8J-EALxZh4jmmQCuVcQiDwzvftOExMLSQ6tLnBrxvYq40XgDxIntL45e94CwapLcHE3-4LCy2xFSiGnGIklr_BcRkSDIfQD0qPxdXipWm9eDDbYY1AI901B864tgH3igXSd7o/s400/teleskop+prisma.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1yGnVGJ8J-EALxZh4jmmQCuVcQiDwzvftOExMLSQ6tLnBrxvYq40XgDxIntL45e94CwapLcHE3-4LCy2xFSiGnGIklr_BcRkSDIfQD0qPxdXipWm9eDDbYY1AI901B864tgH3igXSd7o/s400/teleskop+prisma.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop Prisma</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contoh teleskop reflektor adalah teleskop yang menggunakan cermin cekung dan bersifat konvergen (mengumpulkan cahaya) yang pertama sekali diciptakan oleh Isaac Newton pada tahun 1668, sehingga teleskop ini disebut juga dengan teleskop Newtonian. Inilah awal dari perkembangan yang tampak dari teleskop, karena awalnya teleskop hanyalah menggunakan lensa.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemudian pada saat memasuki abad ke 20. Teleskop-teleskop reflektor raksasa pun dibuat seperti yang digunakan pada Hale di Observatium Gunung Palomar, California, Amerika Serikat yang berukuran diameter 200 inci, teleskop ini selesai dibuat pada tahun 1948 dan menjadi teleskop reflektor terbesar didunia hingga beberapa puluh tahun setelahnya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sedangkan contoh teleskop catadoptrik adalah mikroskop, yang mempunyai lensa objektif dan okuler, juga mempunyai cermin sebagai pemantul cahaya yang terletak dibawahnya, sehingga objek yang diamati tampak lebih jelas. Contoh lainnya yaitu terdapat pada mercusuar, lensa tele (lensa pada kamera yang dapat melakukan perbesaran yang jauh) yang biasa digunakan oleh pemburu gambar dan video pada hewan-hewan buas berjarak jauh. Juga terdapat pada kamera SLR.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">FUNGSI TELESKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fungsi utama teleskop adalah mengumpulkan cahaya dan memfokuskannya lebih besar dari segi diameternya, sehingga lebih banyak cahaya yang dapat dikumpulkan. Alhasil, teleskop dapat melihat benda benda yang letaknya jauh, bahkan tidak tampak secara kasat mata sejauh mata memandang.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop pun memiliki peranan penting dalam bidang astronomi, tanpa teleskop, ahli astronomi tidak dapat melakukan tugasnya secara detil. Sehingga setelah dipatenkan teleskop astronomi oleh Galileo, maka banyak planet dan sistem lainnya yang terletak dalam tata surya yang dapat diamati, seperti Galileo Galilei langsung mengamati planet Venus dan Jupiter dengan teleskopnya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252525; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fungsi teleskop yang lainnya baru ditemukan adalah hubble telescope yang diletakkan di luar angkasa untuk mengirim gambar dengan menggunakan gelombang elektomagnetik. Gelombang tersebut akan ditangkap oleh bumi dengan hasil yang jernih. Jadi, teleskop ini membantu manusia untuk mengamati benda-benda di luar angkasa.</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CARA KERJA TELESKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0cm; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cara kerja teleskop prinsipnya hanyalah mengumpulkan cahaya, apakah itu menggunakan lensa yaitu pada teleskop refraktor dan menggunakan cermin pada teleskop reflektor. Teleskop reflektor menggunakan cermin cekung, yang akan merefleksikan cahaya dan bayangan gambar yang diarahkan oleh teropong, cermin cekung ini akan menambah jangkauan sehingga dapat melihat benda yang jauh. Teleskop reflektor memiliki kelemahan yang terkadang dapat menimbulkan bayangan yang tampak menjadi tidak fokus.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIARHyrr3gQ_tcoVBT-o-BzP3WQYSkPBx1FQ95oR4IuIRCTUCqftZuP79H5Lba58QltA2DQ2Bk09JKI0qrGRwj54FIE8V6klW2imrUpDPnn_xCa52O69XMn16_GkyO_gAtausHAyyDyl0/s1600/cara+kerja.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIARHyrr3gQ_tcoVBT-o-BzP3WQYSkPBx1FQ95oR4IuIRCTUCqftZuP79H5Lba58QltA2DQ2Bk09JKI0qrGRwj54FIE8V6klW2imrUpDPnn_xCa52O69XMn16_GkyO_gAtausHAyyDyl0/s1600/cara+kerja.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIARHyrr3gQ_tcoVBT-o-BzP3WQYSkPBx1FQ95oR4IuIRCTUCqftZuP79H5Lba58QltA2DQ2Bk09JKI0qrGRwj54FIE8V6klW2imrUpDPnn_xCa52O69XMn16_GkyO_gAtausHAyyDyl0/s1600/cara+kerja.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-small; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cara Kerja Teleskop</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa utama akan mengumpulkan bayangan benda dan juga cahaya yang datang, kemudian disampaikan ke retina mata melalui media rekfraksi. Media refraksimata ada lima, yaitu cahaya dan bayangan yang masuk akan sampai terlebih dahulu ke kornea (lapisan terluar mata), kemudian ke humor aquos, pupil, vitreus body, dan terakhir ke retina. Setelah sampain di retina bayangan tersebut dikirimkan melalui saraf penglihatan ke otak. Barulah seseorang dapat menginterpretasikan gambar tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumber :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 17.3333px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 34.6667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.softilmu.com/2015/12/pengertian-fungsi-dan-bagian-teleskop.html">http://www.softilmu.com/2015/12/pengertian-fungsi-dan-bagian-teleskop.html</a></span></span></div>
puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-10897981109508406192018-05-07T18:14:00.005-07:002018-05-07T18:14:59.657-07:00Alat Optik, Mikroskop<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A. PENGERTIAN MIKROSKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop</span></u></i></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> adalah alat bantu yang digunakan untuk melihat dan mengamati benda-benda yang berukuran sangat kecil yang tidak mampu dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Kata Mikroskop berasal dari bahasa latin, yaitu “mikro” yang berarti kecil dan kata “scopein” yang berarti melihat. Benda kecil dilihat dengan cara memperbesar ukuran bayangan benda tersebut hinga berkali-kali lipat. Bayangan benda dapat dibesarkan 40 kali, 100 kali, 400 kali, bahkan 1000 kali, dan perbesaran yang mampu dijangkau semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan teknologi . Ilmu yang mempelajari objek-objek berukuran sangat kecil dengan menggunakan mikroskop disebut Mikroskopi. Mikroskop ditemukan oleh Anthony Van Leewenhoek, penemuan ini sangat membantu peneliti dan ilmuan untuk mengamati objek mikroskopis.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">B. FUNGSI MIKROSKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Fungsi utamanya adalah untuk melihat dan mengamati objek dengan ukuran sangat kecil yang tidak bisa dilihat dengan mata telanjang</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Fungsi lainnya dari mikroskop tetap akan berakar pada fugsi utamanya, bedanya beberapa jenis mikroskop dibuat untuk fungsi yang lebih detail, contohnya ada jenis mikroskop yang dibuat hanya untuk mengamati satu jenis objek mikroskopis saja.</span></li>
</ul>
<br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: #f2f6c1; background-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(center center, ellipse cover, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1) 90%), -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(top, transparent 0%, transparent 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 25px); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 24px 20px 24px 45px; position: relative; quotes: none; text-align: justify; text-shadow: white 0px 1px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Intinya Fungsi mikroskop tetap untuk mengamati objek dengan ukuran sangat kecil (mikroskopis) yang tidak mampu dilihat dengan mata telanjang.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C. BAGIAN BAGIAN MIKROSKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Agar dapat menggunakan mikroskop kita harus mengetahui bagian-bagiannya terlebih dahulu, untuk itu silahkan sahabat menyimak penjelasan kami tentang bagian-bagian mikroskop ini.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bagian Mikroskop terbagi menjadi bagian Optik dan bagian Mekanik (Non-Optik)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2frZyBaf9KKs3RbuMbJc_5k5ip-9iHH7GXjf00wpfxfzcQJYYkkajbZFaaJTH7nSwRNeeX7Bdb8ohJoVJ6W7ibwYwK7umeMkdjik-RIEP4oo0eQI0zhIveJvwztu1vRP-itB_9DeSSNc/s1600/Mikroskop.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="640" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2frZyBaf9KKs3RbuMbJc_5k5ip-9iHH7GXjf00wpfxfzcQJYYkkajbZFaaJTH7nSwRNeeX7Bdb8ohJoVJ6W7ibwYwK7umeMkdjik-RIEP4oo0eQI0zhIveJvwztu1vRP-itB_9DeSSNc/s1600/Mikroskop.png" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2frZyBaf9KKs3RbuMbJc_5k5ip-9iHH7GXjf00wpfxfzcQJYYkkajbZFaaJTH7nSwRNeeX7Bdb8ohJoVJ6W7ibwYwK7umeMkdjik-RIEP4oo0eQI0zhIveJvwztu1vRP-itB_9DeSSNc/s1600/Mikroskop.png" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="570" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><br /></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bagian-Bagian Optik<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa Okuler,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu lensa yang terdapat di bagian ujung atas tabung pada gambar, pengamat melihat objek melalui lensa ini. Lensa okuler berfungsi untuk memperbesar kembali bayangan dari lensa objektif. Lensa okuler biasanya memiliki perbesaran 6, 10, atau 12 kali.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa Objektif,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu lensa yang dekat dengan objek. Biasanya terdapat 3 lensa objektif pada mikroskop, yaitu dengan perbesaran 10, 40, atau 100 kali. Saat menggunakan lensa objektif pengamat harus mengoleskan minyak emersi ke bagian objek, minyak emersi ini berfungsi sebagai pelumas dan untuk memperjelas bayangan benda, karena saat perbesaran 100 kali, letak lensa dengan objek yang diamati sangat dekat, bahkan kadang bersentuhan.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Kondensor,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang dapat diputar naik turun yang berfungsi untuk mengumpulkan cahaya yang dipantulkan oleh cermin dan memusatkannya ke objek.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Diafragma,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk mengatur banyak sedikitnya cahaya yang masuk dan mengenai preparat.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Cermin,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menerima dan mengarahkan cahaya yang diterima. Cermin mengarahkan cahaya dengan cara memantulkan cahaya tersebut.</span></li>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bagian-Bagian Mekanik (Non-Optik)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Revolver,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk mengatur perbesaran lensa objektif yang diinginkan.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Tabung Mikroskop,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menghubungkan lensa objekti dan lensa okuler mikroskop.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Lengan Mikroskop,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk tempat pengamat memegang mikroskop.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Meja Benda,</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk tempat menempatkan objek yang akan diamati, pada meja benda terdapat penjepit objek, yang menjaga objek tetap ditempat yang diinginkan.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Makrometer (pemutar kasar),</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tabung secara cepat untuk pengaturan mendapatkan kejelasan dari gambaran objek yang diinginkan.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikrometer (pemutar halus),</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">yaitu bagian yang berfungsi untuk menaikkan atau menurunkan tabung secara lambat untuk pengaturan mendapatkan kejelasan dari gambaran objek yang diinginkan. </span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Kaki Mikroskop</span></b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">, yaitu bagian yang berfungsi sebagai penyagga yang menjaga mikroskop tetap pada tempat yang diinginkan, dan juga untuk tempat memegang mikroskop saat mikroskop hendak dipindahkan.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C. MACAM-MACAM MIKROSKOP<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Secara Umum berdasarkan sumber energi yang dimanfaatkan terdapat dua jenis mikroskop, yaitu :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Mikroskop Cahaya<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCc5bbhSkZhrwmRObXgP33Kiz-C1Ws7Wex8h9q2gmrGbwvH6SpaedU5igKi6vEwlWfeuHvvkLKPj5bzZZMjQDLdfm9iK5bodZWn14DquHriEfYQYz-U3yZjk-eXMJa_YhcKF_bG9QlzQo/s1600/Mikroskop+cahaya.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="320" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCc5bbhSkZhrwmRObXgP33Kiz-C1Ws7Wex8h9q2gmrGbwvH6SpaedU5igKi6vEwlWfeuHvvkLKPj5bzZZMjQDLdfm9iK5bodZWn14DquHriEfYQYz-U3yZjk-eXMJa_YhcKF_bG9QlzQo/s1600/Mikroskop+cahaya.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCc5bbhSkZhrwmRObXgP33Kiz-C1Ws7Wex8h9q2gmrGbwvH6SpaedU5igKi6vEwlWfeuHvvkLKPj5bzZZMjQDLdfm9iK5bodZWn14DquHriEfYQYz-U3yZjk-eXMJa_YhcKF_bG9QlzQo/s1600/Mikroskop+cahaya.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sesuai dengan namanya, Mikroskop cahaya adalah jenis mikroskop yang memanfaatkan cahaya sebagai sumber energi agar dapat memperbesar bayangan objek. Mikroskop cahaya menggunakan lensa untuk memusatkan cahaya pada objek yang akan diamati. Biasanya sekolah-sekolah di Indonesia menggunakan Mikroskop cahaya untuk alat belajar. Sumber cahaya yang dimanfaatkan bisa berasal dari cahaya matahari, bisa juga berasal dari cahaya lampu. Biasanya mikroskop cahaya memiliki tiga lensa objektif dengan masing-masing pembesaran lemah (4 atau 10 kali), sedang (40 kali), kuat (100kali), dan lensa okuler pembesaran 10 kali. Jadi kebanyak mikroskop cahaya memiliki pembesaran maksimum 1000 kali dari ukuran sebenarnya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop cahaya ada yang hanya memiliki satu lensa okuler (monokuler) adapula yang memiliki dua lensa okuler (binokuler). Mikroskop yang memiliki satu lensa okuler umumnya hanya mampu melihat panjang dan lebar objek, sedangkan yang memiliki dua lensa okuler bisa melihat objek secara 3 dimensi, yaitu panjang, lebar, dan tinggi objek. Mikroskop Binokuler juga dikenal dengan nama <b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop Stereo</b>.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14); box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 588px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqm8fKFKiJtYjNnLmi_LX-a8koeWGhwzQzA4-NI7CGlLmNLdafzOuuX1e6qgkD22UEBfDqyuGvn2X6-PB6_qVU2lX4KYMsPnVvpD2502n9hGnLFEstXp2tCpOXjE9YKb-I7Gi3Oqq7kY/s1600/Monokuler+dan+Binokuler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #444444; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="320" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqm8fKFKiJtYjNnLmi_LX-a8koeWGhwzQzA4-NI7CGlLmNLdafzOuuX1e6qgkD22UEBfDqyuGvn2X6-PB6_qVU2lX4KYMsPnVvpD2502n9hGnLFEstXp2tCpOXjE9YKb-I7Gi3Oqq7kY/s1600/Monokuler+dan+Binokuler.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxqm8fKFKiJtYjNnLmi_LX-a8koeWGhwzQzA4-NI7CGlLmNLdafzOuuX1e6qgkD22UEBfDqyuGvn2X6-PB6_qVU2lX4KYMsPnVvpD2502n9hGnLFEstXp2tCpOXjE9YKb-I7Gi3Oqq7kY/s1600/Monokuler+dan+Binokuler.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="271" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap;">Mikroskop Binokuler VS Monokuler<br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Mikroskop Elektron<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop Elektron adalah jenis mikroskop yang memanfaatkan elektron sebagai sumber energi untuk memperbesar bayangan objek. Mikroskop Elektron menggunakan magnet sebagai pengganti lensa, yang berguna untuk memusatkan sumber energi ke objek yang akan diamati. Mikroskop Elektron mampu memperbesar objek hingga satu juta kali ukuran objek sebenarnya, dan seperti yang telah saya jelaskan sebelumnya, kemampuan memperbesar objek ini akan terus berkembang seiring kemajuan teknologi.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4Q7rykd4bvmjrpOS1m0FpTSOMTE4AITaV6zlY79PipsUZid6ZLXpUIz_6sBWyfnPc2eXRJQR0YuMaQ-lWMfmUGyQK-BXAoB-Mxv5ISOeMksDz81j6rFplwEIwhSem7iWuG_ci1Mxp2s/s1600/Zeiss-Libra.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="320" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4Q7rykd4bvmjrpOS1m0FpTSOMTE4AITaV6zlY79PipsUZid6ZLXpUIz_6sBWyfnPc2eXRJQR0YuMaQ-lWMfmUGyQK-BXAoB-Mxv5ISOeMksDz81j6rFplwEIwhSem7iWuG_ci1Mxp2s/s320/Zeiss-Libra.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG4Q7rykd4bvmjrpOS1m0FpTSOMTE4AITaV6zlY79PipsUZid6ZLXpUIz_6sBWyfnPc2eXRJQR0YuMaQ-lWMfmUGyQK-BXAoB-Mxv5ISOeMksDz81j6rFplwEIwhSem7iWuG_ci1Mxp2s/s320/Zeiss-Libra.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="247" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ada dua jenis mikroskop elektron, yaitu </span><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop Transmisi Elektron (TEM)</b><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> yang cara kerja dengan menembuskan elektron terhadap objek, dan gambaran objek terlihat pada layar.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemudian ada <b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop Elektron Scanning</b> yang dapat menampilkan gambaran 3 dimensi dari objek dengan memberikan gambaran permukaan, jaringan, dan struktur objek yang diamati.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumber :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.softilmu.com/2015/01/Pengertian-Fungsi-Macam-Bagian-Mikroskop-Adalah.html">http://www.softilmu.com/2015/01/Pengertian-Fungsi-Macam-Bagian-Mikroskop-Adalah.html</a></span></span></div>
puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-66218468865248393052018-05-07T18:12:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:12:30.710-07:00Alat Optik, Kaca Pembesar (Lup)<h2 style="backface-visibility: hidden; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2c3e50; font-family: nunito, "helvetica neue", sans-serif; font-size: 26px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: center; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">
<img alt="lup (kaca pembesar)" height="385" src="https://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/lup-kaca-pembesar.jpg" width="400" /></h2>
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Pengertian Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Lup merupakan alat optik yang terdiri dari sebuah lensa cembung dipergunakan untuk melihat benda kecil supaya tampak lebih jelas atau lebih besar dari ukuran sebenarnya. Lensa cembung pada lup akan membentuk bayangan maya yang diperbesar dari sebuah benda yang diletakkan di antara titik fokus (f) dengan titik pusat lensa. Benda dapat diamati dalam dua keadaaan, yakni ketika mata berakomodasi maksimum dan mata berakomodasi tidak maksimum.</div>
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Pada saat mata berakomodasi maksimum, benda harus diletakkan di antara lensa dan titik fokus. Sedangkan, pengamatan benda dengan mata tidak berakomodasi benda harus diletakkan tepat di titik fokus lup.</div>
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Bagian-Bagian Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Lup terdiri atas beberapa bagian, diantaranya :</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">a. Tangkai Lup</span><br />
Tangkai dipakai pengamat untuk memegang Lup.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">b. Skrup penghubung</span><br />
Skrup penghubung ini memiliki fungsi untuk menghubungkan antara tangkai Lup<br />
dengan kepala Lup.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">c. Kepala/bingkai Lup</span><br />
Lingkaran yang dipakai sebagai bingkai lensa cembung pada Lup</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">d. Lensa Cembung Lup</span><br />
Lensa cembung berfungsi untuk memperbesar benda berukuran kecil agar tampak lebih besar.</div>
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Cara Kerja Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Cahaya yang melewati lup membelok ke dalam untuk mengumpul di sebuah titik focus pada sisi kedua lensa. Benda yang diamati diletakkan di ruang 1 sehingga menghasilkan bayangan maya, terbalik. Cara memakai lup ada 2 yakni mata berakomodasi maksimum dan mata tidak berakomodasi.</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">1. Mata berakomodasi maksimum</span><br />
Akomodasi maksimum terjadi saat otot siliari mata dalam kondisi paling tegang.<br />
Pengamatan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum mengakibatkan mata cepat lelah tetapi keuntungannya menghasilkan perbesaran maksimum.<br />
Ketika melakukan pengamatan dengan mata berakomodasi maksimum benda yang akan diamati diletakkan di ruang 1, sehingga berlaku rumus lensa cembung:</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">1/s = 1/f – 1/s’</span></em></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Keterangan :</span></em><br />
s = jarak benda<br />
f = jarak fokus<br />
s’ = jarak bayangan</div>
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Lup adalah lensa cembung sehingga jarak fokus bertanda positif. Bayangan maya sehingga s’ bertanda negatif. titik dekat mata 25 cm<br />
Perbesaran anguler untuk mata berakomodasi maksimum :</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">M=25/f – 25/-25 Atau M= 25/f+1</span></em></div>
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Dimana :<br />
M = perbesaran angular<br />
f = jarak titik fokus lensa</div>
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<span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">2. Mata Tak Berakomodasi</span><br />
Mata tak berakomodasi ketika melihat benda otot siliar dalam keadaan rileks. Pengamatan dengan mata tidak berakomodai menguntungkan karena mata tidak cepat lelah tetapi perbesaran kurang maksimum. Ketika melakukuan pengamatan dengan mata tak berakomodasi benda yang akan diamati harus diletakkan tepat di titik fokus. Perbesaran anguler yang didapatkan yaitu :</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">M=25/f</span></em></div>
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Rumus Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</h2>
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Perbesaran anguler (Ma) pada lup dihitung dengan membandingkan antara sudut α dan sudut β:</div>
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<a href="http://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesarn-anguler-Ma.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease;"><img alt="perbesarn anguler (Ma)" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8503" height="63" src="https://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesarn-anguler-Ma.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="121" /></a></div>
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Karena benda sangat kecil, maka sudut α dan β juga kecil, maka perhitungan perbesaran anguler menjadi:<br />
Pengertian Lup (Kaca Pembesar), Rumus dan Contoh Soalnya</div>
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<a href="http://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesaran-anguler.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease;"><img alt="perbesaran anguler" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-8502" height="61" src="https://www.gurupendidikan.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/perbesaran-anguler.jpg" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; max-width: 100%; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; vertical-align: middle;" width="134" /></a></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Keterangan :</span></em></div>
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Ma = Perbesaran anguler<br />
α = Sudut antara mata dan benda tanpa lup<br />
β = Sudut antara mata dan benda dengan menggunakan lup<br />
Sn = Jarak antara lensa dan bayangan benda dengan menggunakan lup (atau titik dekat mata)<br />
= Jarak antara lensa dan benda dengan menggunakan Lup</div>
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Contoh Soal</h2>
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Sebuah lup dengan titik fokus 2.5 cm. tentukan perbesaran lup apabila mata tak berakomodasi dan mata berakomodasi maksimum!<br />
<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Diketahui :</span></em><br />
f = 2.5 cm</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">ditanya :</span></em><br />
M . . .?</div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Jawab :</span></em></div>
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a. Mata tak berakomodasi<br />
M = 25/f<br />
M = 25/2.5<br />
M = 10 kali</div>
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b. Mata berakomodasi maksimum<br />
M = (25/f)+1<br />
M = (25/2.5)+1<br />
M = (10)+1<br />
M = 11 kali</div>
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puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-31488086422793119532018-05-07T18:05:00.001-07:002018-05-07T18:05:25.786-07:00Alat Optik, Kamera<div style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #424242; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 14px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kamera adalah sebuah alat yang di gunakan dalam kegiatan fotografi</strong>, kamera digunakan untuk membentuk atau merekam suatu bayangan ke dalam film / memory card. Sebagai fotografer, kamera merupakan alat terpenting di dunia fotografi. Jika anda ingin menjadi fotografer, yuk kita melihat lebih jauh tentang seluk beluk kamera.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Sejarah Singkat Awal Mula Kamera</span></h2>
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Setelah mengetahui tentang pengertian kamera, mari kita bahas sejenak tentang awal mula kamera. Sistem dari kamera sebenarnya berasal sejak abad ke 5 SM [sebelum masehi]. Dalam kutipan sebuah buku yang berjudul <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">History of Photography</em> karya <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alma Davenport</em> menyebutkan bahwa seorang pria bernama Mo Ti mengamati sebuah gejala, apabila pada dinding ruangan yang gelap terdapat lubang kecil maka di bagian dalam ruang itu akan terefleksikan pemandangan di luar ruang secara terbalik lewat lubang tadi. Mo Ti lah orang pertama yang menyadari fenomena itu yang disebut dengan <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">camera obscura</em>.</div>
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Jika anda seorang fotografer, apakah anda bisa menjawab jika seseorang ada yang bertanya “bagaimana sejarah kamera itu?”</div>
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Beberapa abad kemudian, banyak ilmuwan yang menyadari dan mengagumi fenomena itu, seperti <em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Aristoteles</em>pada abad ke 3 SM dan seorang ilmuwan Arab I<em style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bnu Al Haitam</em> (Al Hazen) pada abad ke 10 SM. Dan para ilmuwan tersebut berusaha mengembangkan fenomena itu dan menciptakan sebuah alat yang bernama kamera.</div>
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Selanjutnya tahun 1558 seorang ilmuwan Italia Giambattista della Porta membuat sebuah kotak yang membantu pelukis menangkap bayangan gambar. Pada tahun 1611 Johannes Keppler membuat desain kamera portable yang dibuat seperti sebuah tenda, dan akhirnya memberi nama alat tersebut sebuah nama yang terkenal hingga kini: <strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">camera obscura</strong>… Keadaan dalam tenda tersebut sangat gelap kecuali sedikit cahaya yang ditangkap oleh lensa, yang membentuk gambar keadaan di luar tenda di atas selembar kertas</div>
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Nah begitulah awal mula sejarah kamera, dimulai dari fenomena ruang gelap yang terdapat lubang kecil. Dan perkembangan kamera sangat pesat sampai saat ini.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Komponen Kamera</span></h2>
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Kamera memiliki komponen-komponen terpenting, komponen-komponen kamera adalah :</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Body Kamera ( Badan Kamera )</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lensa</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tombol shutter (tombol menjepret)</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dan Film atau Memory card</li>
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Dan komponen tambahan dari kamera adalah :</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lampu Flash</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengatur speed</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pengatur diafragma</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pengatur ISO</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengatur fokus pada lensa</li>
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Kamera juga memiliki asesoris yang banyak, seperti :</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Flash eksternal</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tripod</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Remote shutter</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">dan lainnya.</li>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Jenis-Jenis Kamera</span></h2>
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Kamera memilika bermacam-macam jenis dan tipenya, tetapi disini hanya akan disebutkan jenis kamera menurut mekanisme kerja dan teknologinya. Jenis kamera menurut media mekanisme kerja dan teknologinya :</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera Film</strong>, Pengertian Kamera film yakni kamera ini menggunakan media penangkap atau penyimpanan menggunakan film yang digulung, kamera ini cenderung kecil dan tidak mencolok, untuk mendapatkan semuah gambar jadi pada kamera film ini harus melalui proses cuci cetak</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera Polaroid</strong>, Pengertian Kamera polaroid yakni kamera ini memakai lembaran polaroid, langsung memberikan gambar positif dan tidak perlu melakukan proses cuci cetak.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera TLR, </strong>Pengertian kamera TLR yakni Twin Lens Reflex atau yang biasa disingkat TLR merupakan kamera yang memiliki dua lensa dengan panjang fokal sama. Kamera ini biasanya digunakan sejajar dengan perut pengguna karena viewfindernya terletak di bagian atas dengan cermin 45 derajat.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera saku</strong>, Pengertian Kamera saku yakni kamera ini populer dengan sebutan kamera digital atau camdig, ciri dari kamera ini cenderung kecil, lensa tidak dapat di ganti-ganti dan cara mengambil gambarnya dengan melihat lcd secara langsung</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera Prosumer</strong>, Pengertian kamera Prosumer merupakan gabungan PROfesional dan conSUMER. Bila sebuah camera disebut sebagai model prosumer biasanya ditandai kemampuan point and shoot tapi memiliki fitur lebih canggih dibanding pocket camera antara lain seperti dimilikinya kemampuan pemakaian secara manual.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera SLR atau DSLR</strong>, Pengertian Kamera SLR (Single Lens Reflect) adalah kamera yang mempunyai sistem cahaya yang masuk ke dalam kamera dibelokkan ke mata fotografer sehingga fotografer mendapatkan bayangan yang identik dengan yang akan terbentuk. Dan kamera DSLR ( Digital Single Lens Reflect adalah sama dan pengembangan teknologi dari kamera SLR yang menggunakan media penyimpanan digital yaitu memory card.</li>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Kesimpulan</span></h2>
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Pengertian kamera adalah suatu alat yang digunakan dalam aktivitas fotografi. Kamera merupakan alat vital dari aktivitas fotografi, yaitu sebuah alat medium yang digunakan untuk menamkap sebuah gambar. Sebagai fotografer tentu harus mengetahui seluk beluk kamera, mulai dari sejarahnya dan jenis-jenisnya.</div>
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Sumber :</div>
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<span style="color: #424242; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.gilangajip.com/pengertian-kamera/">http://www.gilangajip.com/pengertian-kamera/</a></span></div>
puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-1865276383970596162018-05-07T18:00:00.003-07:002018-05-07T18:00:34.038-07:00Indra Penglihatan pada Hewan<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px auto 30px; max-width: 604px; width: 604px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: "Headland One", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 48px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px 0px 5px;">
Proses Penglihatan Pada Mata Serangga</h1>
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Masing-masing mata serangga tersebut disebut omatidium (jamak:omatidia). Masing-masing omatidium berfungsi sebagai reseptor penglihatan yang terpisah. Setiap omatidium terdiri atas beberapa bagian, di antaranya berikut ini. (1) Lensa, permukaan depan lensamerupakan satu faset mata majemuk. (2) Kerucut kristalin, yang tembus cahaya. (3) Sel-selpenglihatan, yang peka terhadap adanya cahaya. (4) Sel-sel yang mengandung pigmen,yang memisahkan omatidia dari omatidia di sekelilingnya.</div>
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berikut gambar ommatidium</div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="ommaidium" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-248" data-attachment-id="248" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="ommaidium" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604?w=193" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604?w=193" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604" data-orig-size="193,262" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/ommaidium/" sizes="(max-width: 193px) 100vw, 193px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=604" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg 193w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/ommaidium.jpg?w=110 110w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="omma2" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-249" data-attachment-id="249" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="omma2" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=326" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg" data-orig-size="326,155" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/omma2/" height="143" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=300&h=143 300w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg?w=150&h=71 150w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/omma2.jpg 326w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Setiap omatidium akan menyumbangkan informasi penglihatan dari satu daerah objek yang dilihat serangga, dari arah yang berbeda-beda. Bagian omatidia yang lain akan memberikan sumbangan informasi penglihatan pada daerah lainnya. Gabungan dari gambar-gambar yang dihasilkan dari setiap omatidium merupakan bayangan mosaik, yang</div>
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menyusun seluruh pandangan serangga. Sebagai contoh, mata lalat rumah terdiri atas 6000 bentuk mata yang ditata dalam segi enam (omatidium). Setiap omatidium dihadapkan ke arah yang berbeda-beda, seperti ke depan, belakang, bawah, atas, dan ke setiap sisi, sehingga lalat dapat melihat ke mana-mana. Dengan demikian, lalat dapat mengindera dalam daerah penglihatan dari semua arah. Pada setiap omatidium, terdapat delapan neuron sel saraf reseptor (penerima cahaya), sehingga secara keseluruhan terdapat sekitar 48.000 sel pengindera di dalam matanya. Dengan kelebihannya tersebut, mata lalat dapat memproses hingga seratus gambar per detik.</div>
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<a href="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="mata facet" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-247" data-attachment-id="247" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="mata facet" data-large-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=318" data-medium-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150" data-orig-file="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg" data-orig-size="318,159" data-permalink="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/mata-facet/" height="150" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" src="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150" srcset="https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=300&h=150 300w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg?w=150&h=75 150w, https://lynnuhascience.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/mata-facet.jpg 318w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin: 5px 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></div>
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Para ilmuwan berusaha mengembangkan peralatan yang diperlukan untuk kepentingan manusia dengan meniru rancangan mata lalat yang luar biasa. Misalnya, para ilmuwan mengembangkan alat detektor gerakan berkecepatan tinggi dan kamera sangat tipis yang dapat membidik ke banyak arah. Salah satunya dalam bidang yang memanfaatkan adalah bidang medis, untuk memeriksa bagian dalam lambung. Alat tersebut dikembangkan agar dapat ditelan oleh pasien. Jika sudah sampai di dalam lambung, alat tersebut akan mengumpulkan data melalui mata majemuknya dan mengirimkan laporannya tanpa kabel. Ada pula ilmuwan yang mengembangkan mata majemuk tiruan berukuran lebih kecil daripada kepala jarum pentul yang terdiri atas 8.500 lebih lensa. Namun demikian, kehebatan ciptaan manusia tersebut tidak ada artinya jika dibandingkan dengan mata majemuk serangga, misalnya capung yang mempunyai kira-kira 30.000 satuan optik di setiap matanya.</div>
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Sumber :</div>
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<span style="color: #252137; font-family: Source Sans Pro, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/">https://lynnuhascience.wordpress.com/kelas-viii/alat-optik/alat-optik/mata/mata-serangga/proses-penglihatan-pada-mata-serangga/</a></span></div>
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puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-57412138319252941152018-05-07T17:56:00.002-07:002018-05-07T17:56:42.747-07:00Indra Penglihatan pada Manusia<div style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin-bottom: 15px;">
Seperti yang sudah kita ketahui bersama, ada pun indra penglihatan pada manusia adalah <a href="https://dosenbiologi.com/manusia/bagian-bagian-mata" style="color: #799ffc; outline: none !important; padding: 2px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear;">bagian bagian mata</a>. Ada pun mata tersebut mempunyai reseptor yang mempunyai fungsi untuk menangkap rangsangan cahaya yang disebut dengan fotoseseptor. Oleh karena itu, pada siang hari pantulan sinar matahari oleh benda – benda di sekeliling kita, sehingga dapat kita tangkap dengan jelas.</div>
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Namun sebaliknya, pada malam hari benda – benda di sekitar kita tidak memantulkan cahaya matahari dari sumber lain, misalnya saja dari lampu. Rangsangan yang diterima oleh <a href="https://dosenbiologi.com/manusia/panca-indera-manusia" style="color: #799ffc; outline: none !important; padding: 2px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear;">panca indera manusia</a> yakni indra penglihat ( mata ) yang berupa cahaya tersebut akan masuk melalui bagian kornea dan akan diteruskan ke bagiab pupil, bagian lensa, bagian vitreus humor, dan juga bagian retina.</div>
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Apabila cahaya yang masuk ke bagian mata anda terlalu terang, maka bagian pupil mata anda akan mulai menyempit atau pun mengalami konstriksi. Sedangkan bila cahaya mulai redup, pupil akan mulai melebar atau pun mengalami ditalasi. Berikut ini adalah bagian dari indra penglihatan ( mata ) beserta fungsinya. Berikut ini ulasannya untuk anda.</div>
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<li style="line-height: 19px;">Sklera yaitu pembungkus lapisan luar yang mempunyai fungsi sebagai pelindung bola mata dari kerusakan mekanis dan memungkinkan melototnya otot mata.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Kornea yaitu selaput bening tembus pandang pada bagian depan sclera yang mempunyai fungsi sebagai penerima rangsangan cahaya, mereaksikan cahaya.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Koroidea yaitu lapisan tengah diantara sklera dan retina berupa selaput darah ( kecuali pada bagian depan ) yang mempunyai fungsi sebagai penyedia makanan untuk semua bagian mata yang lain.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Iris ( selaput pelangi )<strong style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </strong>yaitu selaput berwarna yang mengandung pigmen melanin yang merupakan bagian depan koroidea.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Pupil yaitu lubang yang dibatasi oleh iris, yang mempunyai fungsi untuk mengatur sedikit banyaknya cahaya yang diperlukan mata.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Lensa yaitu bagian mata yang berupa seperti lensa bikonveks yang mempunyai fungsi untuk membiaskan dan memfokuskan cahaya, agar bayangan dari benda tepat jatuh dari bagian retina mata.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Aqueos humor yaitu bagian mata berupa cairan encer yang mempunyai fungsi untuk menjaga kantong depan bola mata.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Vitreous humor yaitu bagian mata yang berupa seperti cairan bening dan kental yang mempunyai fungsi untuk meneruskan rangsangan ke bagian mata, untuk memperkukuh bola mata terhadap rangsangan yang ada.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Retina ( selaput jala) yaitu bagian mata yang berbentuk seperti selaput jala, yang mempunyai fungsi untuk menerima bayangan dan juga melihat benda.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Badan silia yaitu bagian mata yang mempunyai fungsi menyokong lensa dan juga mensekresikan aqueso humor.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;">Bintik buta yaitu<strong style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </strong>bagian mata yang mempunyai fungsi untuk tempat saraf optik.</li>
<li style="line-height: 19px;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://dosenbiologi.com/manusia/sistem-saraf-pada-manusia" style="color: #799ffc; outline: none !important; padding: 2px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s linear;">sistem saraf pada manusia</a> pada bagian mata mempunyai<strong style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </strong>fungsi untuk meneruskan rangsangan cahaya yang ada.</span></li>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://dosenbiologi.com/manusia/indra-penglihatan">https://dosenbiologi.com/manusia/indra-penglihatan</a></span></div>
puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-35532454066218787472018-05-07T17:53:00.000-07:002018-05-07T17:53:00.954-07:00Lensa, penjelasan dan fungsi<h1 class="post-title entry-title" style="background-color: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Open Sans", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 19.6px;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" title="Pengertian Lensa, Jenis Lensa dan Pembiasan pada Lensa">Pengertian Lensa, Jenis Lensa dan Pembiasan pada Lensa</a></h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOgOV-Dp6McQoYT7VL7d1D8rgqe-KAg5QnMMBrBgIjlUy8OKRJOItuZBdRx8GUlMAVYZS_GN9Jxt5FGKnCioCoh1a924_RCaH0HzW2V1021mYnAruPv2_pzCeeJGxV_0qzgCkmW1IPw/s1600/images%25252B%25284%2529%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #65bddf; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWOgOV-Dp6McQoYT7VL7d1D8rgqe-KAg5QnMMBrBgIjlUy8OKRJOItuZBdRx8GUlMAVYZS_GN9Jxt5FGKnCioCoh1a924_RCaH0HzW2V1021mYnAruPv2_pzCeeJGxV_0qzgCkmW1IPw/s400/images%25252B%25284%2529%255B1%255D.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" width="400" /></a></div>
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1. Pengertian Lensa<br />Lensa merupakan benda bening yang dibatasi oleh dua buah bidang lengkung.Dua bidang lengkung yang membatasi lensa berbentuk silindris maupun bola. Lensa silindris bersifat memusatkan cahaya dari sumber titik yang jauh pada suatu garis, sedangkan lensa yang berbentuk bola yang melengkung ke segala arah memusatkan cahaya dari sumber yang jauh pada suatu titik.<br /><br />2. Jenis-jenis lensa<br />Ada dua jenis lensa yaitu lensa cembumg dan lensa cekung.<br />a. Lensa cembung adalah lensa yang bagian tengah lebih tebal daripada bagian tepinya. Sinar-sinar bias lensa cembung bersifat mengumpul (konvergen).<br />lensa cembung digolongkan menjadi :<br />1. cembung rangkap (bikonveks)<br />2. cembung datar (plan-konveks)<br />3. cembung-cekung (konkaf-konvek)<br />b. Lensa cekung adalah lensa yang bagian tengahnya lebih tipis daripada begian tepinya. Sinar-sinar bias lensa cekung bersifat memancar (divergen).<br />lensa cekung digolongkan menjadi :<br />1. cekung rangkap (bikonkaf)<br />2.cekung datar (plan-konkaf)<br />3. cekung-cembung (konveks-konkaf).<br /><br />jenis-jenis lensa<br />3. Pembiasan cahaya pada Lensa<br />a. Pembiasan Cahaya pada Lensa cembung<br />Ada tiga Sinar-sinar istimewa pada pembiasan lensa cembung, yaitu :<br />1. Sinar datang menuju lensa sejajar sumbu utama lensa akan dibiaskan melalui titik fokus aktif F1 lensa<br />2. Sinar datang melalui titik fokus pasif F2 lensa akan dibiaskan sejajar dengan sumbu utama lensa<br />3. Sinar datang menuju lensa melalui titik pusat optik lensa akan</div>
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diteruskan tanpa di biaskan.<br /><br />sinar sinar istimewa pada lensa cembung<br /><br />b. Pembiasan Cahaya pada Lensa cekung<br /><br />Ada tiga sinar-sinar istimewa pada pembiasan lensa cekung yaitu :<br />1. Sinar datang menuju lensa sejajar sumbu utama akan lensa dibiaskan seakan-akan dari titik fokus aktif F1 lensa<br />2. Sinar datang menuju lensa seakan-akan melalui titik fokus pasif F2 lensa akan dibiaskan sejajar sumbu utama lensa<br />3. Sinar datang meuju lensa melalui titik pusat optik lensa akan diteruskan tanpa dibiaskan<br /><br />sinar-sinar istimewa pada lensa cekung<br /><br /><br />Rumus Lensa Tipis<br />1/f = 1/So + 1/Si<br />[M] = Si / So<br />[M] =hi/ho<br />P = 1 / f<br />Keterangan:<br />So = jarak jarak benda (m)<br />Si = jarak bayangan (m)<br />hi = tinggi bayangan<br />ho = tinggi benda<br />f = jarak fokus (m)<br />M = Perbesaran linier bayangan<br />P = Kuat lensa (dioptri)<br /><br />Perjanjian penggunaan rumus pada lensa :<br />1) Jarak fokus lensa cembung bernilai poeitif, sedangkan jark fokus lensa cekung bersifat negatif.<br />2) Jika Si, So, hi maupun ho bernilai positif bayangan bersifat nyata.<br />3) Jika Si, So, hi maupun ho bernilai negatif bayangan bersifat maya.<br />4) Jika M bernilai positif bayangan tegak dan maya.<br />5) Jika M bernilai negatif bayangan terbalik dan nyata.<br /><br />Contoh soal pembiasan pada lensa<br /> Sebuah benda berada 40 cm dari sebuah lensa. Tentukan sifat-sifat bayangan yang dihasilkan jika jarak fokus lensa 25 cm<br />a. Lensa cembung<br />b. Lensa cekung<br />Penyelesaian<br />a. lensa cembung<br /><br />S = 40 cm (di ruang II) dan f = + 25 cm,Bayangan benda oleh lensa dapat ditentukan dari dua sinar istimewa saja. Hasilnya seperti pada Gambar 5. Dari gambar itu terlihat bayangan bersifat :nyata, terbalik, diperbesar.<br />b. lensa cekung<br /><br />S = 40 cm (ruang IV) dan f = (−) 25 cm, Bayangan dapat ditentukan dari sinar istimewa ke-2 dan ke-3. Hasilnya seperti pada Gambar 1.6. Sifat bayangannya : maya, tegak, diperkecil.</div>
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Sumber :</div>
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<span style="color: #666666; font-family: Open Sans, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;"><a href="http://www.informasi-pendidikan.com/2014/12/pengertian-lensa-jenis-lensa-dan.html">http://www.informasi-pendidikan.com/2014/12/pengertian-lensa-jenis-lensa-dan.html</a></span></span></div>
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puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-62509336134355642902018-05-07T17:49:00.001-07:002018-05-07T17:49:31.387-07:00Pembentukan Bayangan pada Cermin Cembung<div style="background-color: white;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sama halnya dengan cermin cekung, pada cermin cembung juga mempunyai tiga macam sinar istimewa. Karena jarak fokus dan pusat kelengkungan cermin cembung berada di belakang cermin maka ketiga sinar istimewa pada cermin cembung tersebut adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1.Sinar yang datang sejajar dengan sumbu utama akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari titik fokus (F).</span><br />
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-T7PHoIN4bLA/UP4GdBF4ieI/AAAAAAAAC9E/PJH_cuAQj6c/s1600-h/clip_image0023.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #2560aa;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://lh5.ggpht.com/-u7xFnJB6Zic/UP4GePf2G6I/AAAAAAAAC9I/HhLHohnvodU/clip_image002_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sinar yang datang sejajar sumbu utama akan dipantulkan seolah-olah dari titik fokus</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2.Sinar yang datang menuju titik fokus (F) akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-09vS8hUcbms/UP4Ge3IzmOI/AAAAAAAAC9U/lpBWz-gXM5w/s1600-h/clip_image0033.jpg" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.ggpht.com/-XCwCKuavy8M/UP4GgGdESHI/AAAAAAAAC9Y/cm7obUfrhgQ/clip_image003_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sinar yang datang seolah-olah menuju fokus akan di pantulkan sejajar sumbu utama </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3.Sinar-sinar yang menuju titik pusat kelengkungan ( C ) akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari titik pusat kelengkungan tersebut.</span><br />
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-kf2AssAMrF4/UP4GhDuFGQI/AAAAAAAAC9k/KQt_Uj8xukw/s1600-h/clip_image0043.jpg" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://lh6.ggpht.com/-Fohvj-5-aF8/UP4GiZO2z4I/AAAAAAAAC9o/w0Kr5IKI8Dw/clip_image004_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sinar yang datang menuju pusat kelengkungan akan dipantulkan kembali melalui sinar itu juga. </span></div>
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<h2 style="font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0em 0px 0px; padding: 4px 0px; text-shadow: rgb(255, 255, 255) 1px 1px, rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px, rgb(221, 221, 221) 2px 2px, rgb(238, 238, 238) 3px 3px;">
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Contoh melukis bayangan pada cermin cembung</span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Seperti halnya pada cermin cekung, melukis bayangan pada cermin cembung juga diperlukan minimal dua sinar istimewa. Karena depan cermin adalah ruang IV maka berapapun jarak benda nyata dari cermin tetap berada di ruang IV . Dengan demikian bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang I cermin cembung dan bersifat maya, diperkecil.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Proses pembentukan bayangan pada cermin cembung. Bayangan dari benda nyata selalu di ruang I cermin, bersifat maya, diperkecil dan sama tegak dengan bendanya.</span><br />
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-B-00tqmCbTM/UP4GjJk5U-I/AAAAAAAAC9w/tFjYwsZOLVY/s1600-h/clip_image0063.jpg" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://lh6.ggpht.com/-zdQOTDYHa0w/UP4GkgvNKcI/AAAAAAAAC94/xps0yrrNgTo/clip_image006_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></span></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Itulah sebabnya bayangan yang terlihat di dalam kaca spion dari benda-benda nyata di depan kaca spion tampak mengecil dan spion mampu mengamati ruang yang lebih luas.</span><br />
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Ketentuan Sifat-sifat Bayangan oleh Cermin Lengkung</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Selain dengan cara melukis secara cepat kamu dapat menentukan sifat-sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin-cermin sferik dengan menggunakan ketentuan-ketentuan berikut :</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Jumlah nomor ruang benda dan nomor ruang bayangan selalu sama dengan lima</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Benda yang terletak di ruang II dan III selalu menghasilkan bayangan yang terbalikterhadap bendanya. Sedangkan benda-benda yang berada di ruang I dan IV akan selalu menghasilkan bayangan yang sama tegak dengan bendanya.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Jika nomor ruang bayangan lebih besar daripada nomor ruang benda, bayangan selalu lebih besar daripada bendanya (diperbesar).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">- Jika nomor ruang bayangan lebih kecil daripada nomor ruang benda, bayangan selalu lebih kecil daripada bendanya (diperkecil).</span></div>
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Hubungan antara Jarak Benda, Jarak Fokus dan Jarak Bayangan</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hubungan antara jarak benda (s), jarak bayangan (s’), dan jarak fokus (f) dalam ukuran geometri.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hubungan antara jarak benda (s), jarak fokus (f) dan jarak bayangan (s’) pada cermin cekung dapat ditentukan dengan bantuan geometrik.</span><br />
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-8N2ntSgWaOY/UP4GqwMlpJI/AAAAAAAAC-g/mtiJNwCedBg/s1600-h/clip_image0093.jpg" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" src="https://lh6.ggpht.com/-y4xeF4rUOuo/UP4GrxfcoQI/AAAAAAAAC-s/pcm9-LKZUPw/clip_image009_thumb.jpg?imgmax=800" style="max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Perhatikan perbandingan-perbandingan geometri dan trigonometri dari gambar 17 tersebut di atas. Jarak AB ke O adalah jarak benda (s), jarak A’B’ ke cermin adalah jarak bayangan (s’) dan jarak F ke O adalah jaraak fokus (f). Pada gambar tersebut tampak bahwa segitiga GFO dan A'B'F sebangun sehingga berlaku,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-QzWojxrfv6Q/UP4Gs-SebCI/AAAAAAAAC-w/yJCB3TFMv6c/s1600-h/clip_image0113.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image011" border="0" height="23" src="https://lh4.ggpht.com/-11Nu9QANFbk/UP4GuJ6NqoI/AAAAAAAAC-8/UV93SAuYgUY/clip_image011_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image011" width="12" /></a><a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-sI6NCbHw2pM/UP4GvEy0RUI/AAAAAAAAC_A/3Fv_Tm4JFnY/s1600-h/clip_image0133.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image013" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh3.ggpht.com/-Ba6lfYGNXY8/UP4GworC_II/AAAAAAAAC_M/deLCdYi991Y/clip_image013_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image013" width="80" /></a> sehingga <a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-tEJKts_D0Ac/UP4Gxxs2l2I/AAAAAAAAC_Q/KodOP9GbU6E/s1600-h/clip_image0153.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image015" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh5.ggpht.com/-RAmCvsPLQvc/UP4GzNCOekI/AAAAAAAAC_c/LYlUWZbxrPs/clip_image015_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image015" width="59" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pada gambar tampak juga bahwa segitiga ABO dan A'B'O sebangun sehingga diperoleh,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/--09E4fesbOo/UP4G0Tc4t_I/AAAAAAAAC_g/nGDmYzXSLsk/s1600-h/clip_image0173.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image017" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh6.ggpht.com/-ElkEFlPlD3A/UP4G1MUjU_I/AAAAAAAAC_s/TzwiZn7Ky7M/clip_image017_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image017" width="81" /></a> sehingga <a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-TXd34Xc5UOQ/UP4G2YjSR2I/AAAAAAAAC_w/y1xLdL3zILI/s1600-h/clip_image0193.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image019" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh4.ggpht.com/-6vvsm7k2jj0/UP4G3fvwbrI/AAAAAAAAC_4/lXfOIq7Qdw4/clip_image019_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image019" width="47" /></a> . Substitusikan kedua persamaan sehingga diperoleh persamaan <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-pLWLQ_ZjQUc/UP4G4eD7aII/AAAAAAAADAE/D5rjr0S7BpA/s1600-h/clip_image0213.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image021" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh6.ggpht.com/-AnJlLZUFN0I/UP4G5pqdHqI/AAAAAAAADAM/VYuUEW5UI78/clip_image021_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image021" width="57" /></a>, gunakan perkalian silang sehingga,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">s’.f = s.s’ – s.f</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bagilah semua ruas dengan ss'f, akhirnya diperoleh :</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-ignAln1A6Sc/UP4G6qx8f2I/AAAAAAAADAQ/dTCwktR5Kvk/s1600-h/clip_image0233.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="clip_image023" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh6.ggpht.com/-b3ie7GcL5LA/UP4G7kQlChI/AAAAAAAADAc/RidFNAwRsWM/clip_image023_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image023" width="68" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">atau <a href="http://lh6.ggpht.com/-yT9PDHCgYPQ/UP4G8nbpW9I/AAAAAAAADAk/OUqmGw9Uptc/s1600-h/clip_image0254.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image025" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh3.ggpht.com/-ATjoimI7iJA/UP4G99BZ8WI/AAAAAAAADAo/chnZPrEM5cg/clip_image025_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image025" width="68" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bila jarak fokus sama dengan separuh jarak pusat kelengkungan cermin f = ½ R, sehingga persamaan cermin lengkung juga dapat dituliskan dalam bentuk sebagai berikut</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-4cDCiothMyw/UP4G-7k568I/AAAAAAAADAw/3HlT_93_k6A/s1600-h/clip_image0273.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="clip_image027" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh4.ggpht.com/-j8ERfK6JsnY/UP4G_pkzuaI/AAAAAAAADA4/1Rykkf6-2tU/clip_image027_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image027" width="72" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dalam menggunakan persamaan tersebut perlu diperhatikan kesepakatan tanda yang telah disepakati bersama yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a. Jarak benda <i>s </i>bernilai positif (+) jika benda nyata terletak di depan cermin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jarak benda <i>s </i>bernilai negatif (-) jika benda maya terletak di belakang cermin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b. Jarak bayangan <i>s’ </i>bernilai positif (+) jika bayangan nyata di depan cermin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jarak bayangan <i>s’ </i>bernilai negatif (-) jika bayangan maya di belakang cermin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c. <i>R</i> dan <i>f </i>bertanda positif (+) untuk cermin cekung dan bertanda (-) untuk cermin cembung.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berbeda dengan cermin datar besar bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin lengkung berbeda-beda sesuai dengan letak benda tersebut terhadap cermin. Untuk mengetahui perbesaran linier pada pembentukan bayangan pada cermin lengkung maka dapat dibandingkan tinggi bayangan <i>h’</i> dengan tinggi benda <i>h</i> atau jarak bayangan terhadap cermin <i>s’</i> dengan jarak benda terhadap cermin <i>s</i>.</span></div>
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<a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-5JR3NGBkpPQ/UP4HAum6LeI/AAAAAAAADBA/4ywUesCXwSE/s1600-h/clip_image0293.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="clip_image029" border="0" height="45" src="https://lh3.ggpht.com/-GjM1wwJabDw/UP4HCl2mKnI/AAAAAAAADBM/A2fNvnGVQCs/clip_image029_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image029" width="92" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">dengan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>M</i> : perbesaran linier</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>h’</i> : tinggi bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>h</i> : tinggi benda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>s’</i> : jarak bayangan terhadap cermin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>s</i> : jarak benda terhadap cermin</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jika dalam penghitungan ternyata diperoleh <i>M</i> >1 artinya bayangan yang dibentuk lebih besar daripada bendanya, jika <i>M </i>= 1 maka bayangan sama besar dengan bendanya sedangkan jika 0<i><M<</i>1 maka bayangan yang dibentuk akan lebih kecil dari bendanya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b><b>Contoh Soal:</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Sebuah benda terletak 5 cm di depan sebuah cermin cekung yang berjari-jari 20 cm. Tentukan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a. jarak bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b. Perbesaran bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c. sifat-sifat bayangan!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b><b>Penyelesaian:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Diketahui : s = 5 cm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">R = 20 cm maka f = 10 cm</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ditanya :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a. s’</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b. M</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c. sifat-sifat bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jawab:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">a. <a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-3ew48ygx4ho/UP4HDYXtADI/AAAAAAAADBQ/U8kiyFO9v8A/s1600-h/clip_image02512.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image025[1]" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh4.ggpht.com/-lyQ1k6Jckos/UP4HERpsgFI/AAAAAAAADBc/71P2H2FCXDE/clip_image0251_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image025[1]" width="68" /></a></span></div>
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<a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-GLdKUcEz_xc/UP4HGCdVAyI/AAAAAAAADBk/rDk4lBL8Ro8/s1600-h/clip_image0313.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="clip_image031" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh5.ggpht.com/-mAQQGQ_Qic0/UP4HHPom_7I/AAAAAAAADBs/rpf_J0T2nik/clip_image031_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image031" width="77" /></span></a></div>
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<a href="http://lh5.ggpht.com/-8fT1cyy4Nd0/UP4HIQh9V2I/AAAAAAAADBw/UkHvrt7ck_k/s1600-h/clip_image0333.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="clip_image033" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh4.ggpht.com/-DSef8UcXupk/UP4HLgfPEdI/AAAAAAAADB8/4-p667V0df8/clip_image033_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image033" width="76" /></span></a><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> = 1/10 - 2/10</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://lh4.ggpht.com/-yOg9ksvqHeY/UP4HPKeNEzI/AAAAAAAADCQ/hfsVxO9yBZ4/s1600-h/clip_image0373.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image037" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh3.ggpht.com/-ltbddetwRCw/UP4HQAkYZ2I/AAAAAAAADCY/iNdhp5xHxFY/clip_image037_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image037" width="61" /></a> sehingga s’ = - 10 cm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jadi jarak bayangannya 10 cm</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">b. M = <a href="http://lh3.ggpht.com/-BR1e6xnGBWo/UP4HRCVYVEI/AAAAAAAADCg/RWFIQtV4_M0/s1600-h/clip_image0393.gif" style="color: #2560aa; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="clip_image039" border="0" height="41" src="https://lh5.ggpht.com/-sS4vbtB7g20/UP4HSNCSdLI/AAAAAAAADCo/t6w9AbdA1Rk/clip_image039_thumb.gif?imgmax=800" style="border-width: 0px; display: inline; max-width: 100%; width: auto;" title="clip_image039" width="76" /></a> kali</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">c. Sifat-sifat bayangannya adalah : maya, tegak, diperbesar, di ruang IV.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Soal :</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. Sebuah benda yang tingginya 4 cm diletakkan 15 cm di depan cermin cekung dengan jari-jari kelengkungan 20 cm. Tentukan (a) jarak bayangan (b) tinggi bayangan (c) sifat-sifat bayangan yang terbentuk!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. Sebuah benda yang tingginya 12 cm diletakkan 10 cm di depan cermin cembung yang jari-jari kelengkungannya 30 cm. Tentukan (a) jarak bayangan (b) tinggi bayangan (c) sifat-sifat bayangan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. Di manakah sebuah benda diletakkan di depan sebuah cermin cekung yang jari-jari kelengkungannya 60 cm, agar bayangan yang dibentuk cermin itu bersifat nyata dan berukuran 3 kali ukuran bendanya?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. Dua cermin cekung A dan B yang masing-masing berjari-jari 40 cm disusun saling berhadapan dengan sumbu utama dan pusat kelengkungannya berhimpit. Sebuah benda diletakkan 25 cm di depan cermin A. Tentukan (a) jarak bayangan benda yang dibentuk oleh cermin A (b) jarak bayangan benda yang dibentuk oleh cermin B (c) perbesaran bayangan total!</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sumber :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.onfisika.com/2013/01/pembentukan-bayangan-oleh-cermin-cembung.html</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw_l294EDHkE9M5IzrEX9C4lAphqzRzVjgzPc9wWbutTcdf8LP9adU7_a8M3ntz2eOE9UUyRszzYpbXKMI1Rm5fUFmWKiSIwGirJfY-_t5quGFnscjk0wxqJlRCakqII7UPg6-U9Qr3F5w/s1600/cekung+sifat.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: normal; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; margin-top: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 0px; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw_l294EDHkE9M5IzrEX9C4lAphqzRzVjgzPc9wWbutTcdf8LP9adU7_a8M3ntz2eOE9UUyRszzYpbXKMI1Rm5fUFmWKiSIwGirJfY-_t5quGFnscjk0wxqJlRCakqII7UPg6-U9Qr3F5w/s320/cekung+sifat.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Cermin cekung adalah cermin yang memiliki permukaan cekung. cermin cekung bersifat konvergen, yaitu bersifat mengumpulkan sinar, seperti gambar di bawah ini. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada pemantulan cahaya oleh cermin cekung, jarak antara benda dan cermin memengaruhi bayangan yang dihasilkan. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cekung merupakan perpotongan sinar pantul atau merupakan perpotongan dari perpanjangan sinar pantul. Cermin cekung bersifat mengumpulkan cahaya (konvergen). Dengan demikian, jika terdapat berkas-berkas cahaya sejajar mengenai permukaan cermin cekung, maka berkas-berkas cahaya pantulnya akan melintasi satu titik yang sama.</span></div>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 20.7px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pembentukan Bayangan Pada Cermin Cekung</b></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.4667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">Letak dan sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cekung bergantung pada letak benda. Sebuah benda yang diletakkan di depan cermin cekung akan memiliki bayangan dengan sifat-sifat tertentu. </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada cermin cekung terdapat tiga sinar istimewa seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar di bawah ini, yaitu sebagai berikut.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama akan dipantulkan melalui titik fokus.</span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxm5AXg2FsOZ3FY_zBFJmnB43teGeCEHHS7AOb7w1P99-Pl60Nco7UQCcFncIAFpOJWjsmCoBMkdoRQvaJA9vt7vlI8WteNh8uDV6vam1__4dGqLZ2JoZKn37FLY3w5xG5J8yjOgajPrrY/s1600/sinar1.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="172" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxm5AXg2FsOZ3FY_zBFJmnB43teGeCEHHS7AOb7w1P99-Pl60Nco7UQCcFncIAFpOJWjsmCoBMkdoRQvaJA9vt7vlI8WteNh8uDV6vam1__4dGqLZ2JoZKn37FLY3w5xG5J8yjOgajPrrY/s320/sinar1.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sinar datang melalui titik fokus, akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvQm3oITy2CwXNQht0sa08HkZiVZoB5x5KruZfDHl6_P4hfWr5GF51dHcFfazTGVwaD-VT9MKUP30fz7XSt2Qa6e9x-jxtlqNvsMO7V1tCzcj2kzLy7D3Fg_IiIRAYB-_kds8OE5282U_2/s1600/sinar2.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvQm3oITy2CwXNQht0sa08HkZiVZoB5x5KruZfDHl6_P4hfWr5GF51dHcFfazTGVwaD-VT9MKUP30fz7XSt2Qa6e9x-jxtlqNvsMO7V1tCzcj2kzLy7D3Fg_IiIRAYB-_kds8OE5282U_2/s320/sinar2.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sinar datang melalui pusat kelengkungan akan dipantulkan kembali melalui titik pusat kelengkungan cermin.</span></li>
</ol>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH9NM2SiOOqDEB57Qy16Kz9KjlqqWVaUSQxQ-2AsveQgKDoZEmdYy5_83I4uSwJQ6H_cMrZYHYnDQYjTHNj7z4Hl6c3UZ-mZ9tPD5X6QQTDiwzzDN7WjD-AN0vxb7WAYlGgGHC76Bp9lM0/s1600/sinar3.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH9NM2SiOOqDEB57Qy16Kz9KjlqqWVaUSQxQ-2AsveQgKDoZEmdYy5_83I4uSwJQ6H_cMrZYHYnDQYjTHNj7z4Hl6c3UZ-mZ9tPD5X6QQTDiwzzDN7WjD-AN0vxb7WAYlGgGHC76Bp9lM0/s320/sinar3.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.4667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Pembentukan Bayangan Pada Cermin Cekung</span></b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 21.4667px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dengan menggunakan ketiga sinar istimewa cermin cekung di atas, dapat dilukis pembentukan bayangan pada cermin cekung sebagai berikut</span></div>
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<ol style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0em 0.5em 3em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika benda diletakkan di luar pusat kelengkungan (P), pembentukan bayangannya seperti ditunjukkan pada Gambar di bawah ini. Dari gambar terlihat bahwa jika benda (A) diletakkan di luar pusat kelengkungan cermin, bayangan (A’) yang dibentuk akan bersifat nyata, terbalik, diperkecil dan terletak di antara pusat kelengkungan cermin (P) dan titik fokus (F).</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVucDkbwMQ7QfKvlThD-crDYgn6PyEdpRw7fGAln5HWr_Dpr14jO0ChlrsvAbst9dJEkq1Y8hulfm0mUFKICNLL02c4M4F1X7_XgDh5RgxrSer1VHGrQFxXd-K4km2EHQYuZ3-CQ6KUgFq/s1600/luar+P.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVucDkbwMQ7QfKvlThD-crDYgn6PyEdpRw7fGAln5HWr_Dpr14jO0ChlrsvAbst9dJEkq1Y8hulfm0mUFKICNLL02c4M4F1X7_XgDh5RgxrSer1VHGrQFxXd-K4km2EHQYuZ3-CQ6KUgFq/s320/luar+P.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika benda (A) diletakkan di antara titik fokus (F) dan titik potong sumbu utama dengan cermin cekung (O), pembentukan bayangannya (A’) ditunjukkan pada Gambar di bawah ini. Dari gambar terlihat bahwa jika benda diletakkan di antara titik fokus (F) dan titik potong sumbu utama dengan cermin cekung (O), bayangan (A’) yang terbentuk bersifat maya, tegak dan diperbesar. Letak bayangan di belakang cermin.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr5ipBXJ8PPwsT53dPlIL_7FL_lQiCuXLYEKBXOtha7WqDYsm6cd2OScxZlz-RBOpG3eOZahlNo6CcQLheM-A0_N1xJx0KYotvxyeKF64hvhT70Y2d9Jp9pLPwASjhgG81APDhRE8ZAo_1/s1600/F+dan+O.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr5ipBXJ8PPwsT53dPlIL_7FL_lQiCuXLYEKBXOtha7WqDYsm6cd2OScxZlz-RBOpG3eOZahlNo6CcQLheM-A0_N1xJx0KYotvxyeKF64hvhT70Y2d9Jp9pLPwASjhgG81APDhRE8ZAo_1/s320/F+dan+O.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika benda diletakkan di antara titik pusat kelengkungan cermin (P) dan titik fokus cermin (F). Pembentukan bayangannya ditunjukkan seperti pada Gambar di bawah ini. Dari gambar terlihat bahwa jika benda diletakkan di antara pusat kelengkungan (P) dan titik fokus (F), bayangan yang dibentuk akan bersifat nyata, terbalik, diperbesar dan terletak di depan titik pusat kelengkungan cermin.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8JFzR6B5-h0kriM3BdyAce7HegRIYy2IEsUFI60XY0SPXSy0ed-S0MHc5pBEWhdsEU8D3Yjb7D6w9GLAGaSvNe3_xlz9ClbaK3L5OORDeNJxTegYw3x8G_JD90IyUz9t08VGr3G5Vv0Wt/s1600/P+dan+F.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8JFzR6B5-h0kriM3BdyAce7HegRIYy2IEsUFI60XY0SPXSy0ed-S0MHc5pBEWhdsEU8D3Yjb7D6w9GLAGaSvNe3_xlz9ClbaK3L5OORDeNJxTegYw3x8G_JD90IyUz9t08VGr3G5Vv0Wt/s320/P+dan+F.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika benda diletakkan tepat pada titik fokus (F), pembentukan bayangannya ditunjukkan pada Gambar di bawah ini. Dari gambar terlihat bahwa jika benda diletakkan tepat di titik fokus cermin (F), akan membentuk bayangan maya di tak terhingga.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbP5PfBxO0LANxNv2F2Kbf3g5PF9eUQSe2P1rNj0QQUZ4d5Bdlw5l1j0vEee9lj-hK37mOhJjRpjaegOxTr0-Md28ttXEnVeQxS-Qd_VP9R3lYjyPbTLS1Imo7UA2RWsAWXowIEyPCKBMn/s1600/F.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbP5PfBxO0LANxNv2F2Kbf3g5PF9eUQSe2P1rNj0QQUZ4d5Bdlw5l1j0vEee9lj-hK37mOhJjRpjaegOxTr0-Md28ttXEnVeQxS-Qd_VP9R3lYjyPbTLS1Imo7UA2RWsAWXowIEyPCKBMn/s320/F.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 38px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika benda diletakkan tepat di pusat kelengkungan cermin (P), pembentukan bayangannya ditunjukkan pada Gambar di bawah ini. Dari gambar terlihat bahwa jika benda diletakkan tepat di pusat kelengkungan cermin (P), bayangan yang terbentuk bersifat nyata, terbalik dan sama besar. Letak bayangan di depan cermin.</span></li>
</ol>
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<div id="post23328354493280898611" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hubungan antara jarak fokus dan jari-jari kelengkungan cermin<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hubungan antara jarak fokus dan jari-jari kelengkungan cermin dapat dicari dengan menggunakan gambar berikut ini.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQeYbOvLKNdMmCiQB38qWE1xgDtZN5WtnSfR-NnJ2JNWyn0SHX7QZXJseUOb_ArUBCYC5d3YDICu_pNhH3K3ihFUQdBh0-lb5_6pVC3O7yIDKXyZ0GKPhrr-7Gd7Dalhh8CL4MzqD08gn_/s1600/cekung.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQeYbOvLKNdMmCiQB38qWE1xgDtZN5WtnSfR-NnJ2JNWyn0SHX7QZXJseUOb_ArUBCYC5d3YDICu_pNhH3K3ihFUQdBh0-lb5_6pVC3O7yIDKXyZ0GKPhrr-7Gd7Dalhh8CL4MzqD08gn_/s1600/cekung.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada gambar di atas, tampak bahwa sinar yang sejajar dengan smbu utama cermin cekung, kemudian dipantulkan melalui titik fokus. Sinar-sinar ini mengikuti hukum pemantulan, yaitu sudut datang sama dengan sudut pantul. Oleh karena itu, segitiga AFP merupakan segitiga sama kaki (sisi AF = sisi FP). Jika sinar datang dekat sekali dengan sumbu utama AF, dapat dianggap sama dengan OF sehingga FP = OF. Dari sini, diperoleh bahwa 2f = R atau<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hyCIFdO8vfcz2iu-h8IjQ3vAhTTOnsJKPb4OgKWLQGtP_cKhtFa1UzE-oXA2QBCwJ5UmJzxjMO_jTbT9bk_IuCsrKS2t57CSo8J7KhBGuLPpVb-AOccGPJiyDR1s3QBT8gpxqIKCXO3_/s1600/cekung+rumus.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 0px; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_hyCIFdO8vfcz2iu-h8IjQ3vAhTTOnsJKPb4OgKWLQGtP_cKhtFa1UzE-oXA2QBCwJ5UmJzxjMO_jTbT9bk_IuCsrKS2t57CSo8J7KhBGuLPpVb-AOccGPJiyDR1s3QBT8gpxqIKCXO3_/s1600/cekung+rumus.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keterangan:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f = jarak fokus<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R = jari-jari kelengkungan cermin<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rumus Pada Cermin Cekung<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selain secara geometri, letak dan sifat bayangan benda dapat ditentukan dengan perhitungan dengan persamaan sebagai berikut. Sama halnya seperti mencari hubungan antara jarak fokus dan jari-jari kelengkungan cermin dapat dicari dengan menggunakan gambar berikut ini.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbvlx3k8HY05gDOkFSIDeQvH7iwRSyHv_aP6XlzFVNXxgrl26d4HExUkylsjfShzhnaMNYGfXEdFYuc2OjX7JcM-OorPTrDCbXLDRNP83I3q9Usy8Swo8EsiEjwnjBin-96q81_5wA81T/s1600/cekung+1.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 0px; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxbvlx3k8HY05gDOkFSIDeQvH7iwRSyHv_aP6XlzFVNXxgrl26d4HExUkylsjfShzhnaMNYGfXEdFYuc2OjX7JcM-OorPTrDCbXLDRNP83I3q9Usy8Swo8EsiEjwnjBin-96q81_5wA81T/s1600/cekung+1.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan gambar di atas, tampak bahwa </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ΔBAO dan ΔEDO </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sebangun</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sehingga DE/AB = OD/OA atau <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h’/h = s’/s</i></b> atau <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h/h’ = s/s’</i></b>. Pada gambar di atas juga tampak bahwa </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ΔABP dan ΔDEP sebangun maka:</span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">untuk ΔABP berlaku tan α = AB/AP = <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h/(s-R)</i></b><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">untuk ΔDEP berlaku tan α = DE/DP = <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h’/(R-s’)</i></b><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sehingga:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h/(s-R) = h’/(R-s’)<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h/ h’ = (s-R) /(R-s’)<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oleh karena </span><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h/h’ = s/s’</span></i></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, maka<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s/s’ = </span></i></b><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(s-R) /(R-s’)<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s(R-s’)= s’(s-R)<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sR-ss)= s’s-s’R<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sR+ s’R = 2ss’<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R(s+s’) = 2ss’<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">(s+s’)/ss’ = 2/R<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNcQyDQCB_5w_xboHWshOqlq05pDxx9wQYSWHDGvWmWHgazbiDjODGxPLi_p7b1xVqT1uEn2NPTadI_fZuAZdOHRypNpTq-M6L8UMZ0QvZrcEcDE-BHE2s3nl3vsqcRZN8u27plIHoySvB/s1600/cekung+rumus1.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNcQyDQCB_5w_xboHWshOqlq05pDxx9wQYSWHDGvWmWHgazbiDjODGxPLi_p7b1xVqT1uEn2NPTadI_fZuAZdOHRypNpTq-M6L8UMZ0QvZrcEcDE-BHE2s3nl3vsqcRZN8u27plIHoySvB/s1600/cekung+rumus1.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">oleh karena <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f = R/2 </i></b>atau<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> 1/f </i></b>= 2/R, maka<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBcl4p3qF_OdDfwNP0LDSkQa8U5wPjwojDCxgZ0Vddc0YGIhRp6GgwBOqiBGLTMCCEPif-zmZl4y5BSOZox9IOFalQ3H6r8hrRHelnGnAhwNJQIyVHQOOXImsQOZplndxeHq3VjkHAM3Zi/s1600/cekung+rumus2.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBcl4p3qF_OdDfwNP0LDSkQa8U5wPjwojDCxgZ0Vddc0YGIhRp6GgwBOqiBGLTMCCEPif-zmZl4y5BSOZox9IOFalQ3H6r8hrRHelnGnAhwNJQIyVHQOOXImsQOZplndxeHq3VjkHAM3Zi/s1600/cekung+rumus2.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dengan menggunakan persamaan cermin tersebut, Anda dapat menentukan jarak bayangan sebuah benda. Adapun pembesaran baynagn M didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan antara besar (tinggi) bayanga dengan besar (tinggi benda). Secara matematis dapat ditulis sebagai berikut.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30Enkwoyg-vYe-tPBWcb-C7yr0TnCUJGYHT_bCLOcl0_88yDp93zmJYMr7trZN8n3WR5l-lmDXAAo0IM_mB88mopbkNqYel873PwiIZD9WUXtkI8xLCnGJ3f4qVptyG-bgXx2cCGt1bbA/s1600/cekung+rumus3.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg30Enkwoyg-vYe-tPBWcb-C7yr0TnCUJGYHT_bCLOcl0_88yDp93zmJYMr7trZN8n3WR5l-lmDXAAo0IM_mB88mopbkNqYel873PwiIZD9WUXtkI8xLCnGJ3f4qVptyG-bgXx2cCGt1bbA/s1600/cekung+rumus3.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" /></span></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; color: red; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perlu diingat (penting)!</span></b><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jarak benda (s) pada cermin cekung bernilai negatif (-) jika benda (s) berada di depan cermin (objek maya). Sedangkan jarak benda (s) pada cermin cekung bernilai positif (+) jika benda berada (s) di belakang cermin (objek nyata).</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jarak bayangan (s’) pada cermin cekung bernilai negatif (-) jika bayangan benda (s’) berada di belakang cermin (objek maya). Sedangkan jarak bayangan benda (s’) pada cermin cekung bernilai positif (+) jika benda berada di depan cermin (objek nyata).</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jari-jari kelengkungan cermin (R) dan jarak fokus (f) bertanda positif (+) jika kelengkungan berada di depan cermin (cermin cekung), jari-jari kelengkungan cermin (R) dan jarak fokus (f) bertanda negatif (- ) jika kelengkungan berada di belakang cermin (cermin cembung)</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Contoh Soal Tentang </span></b><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pemantulan </span></b><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada</span></b><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Cermin Cekung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sebuah cermin cekung memiliki jari-jari kelengkungan 2 m. Sebuah benda diletakkan pada jarak 1,5 m dari cermin dan tinggi benda 5 cm. Hitunglah letak, tinggi, dan pembesaran bayangan.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jawab:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Diketahui:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s = 1,5 m<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h = 5 cm<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">R = 2 m<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ditanyakan : s’, h’ dan M = ?<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penyelesaiannya:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dengan menggunakan rumus yang diperoleh pada pembahasan di atas maka<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2/R = 1/s + 1/s’<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2/2 = 1/1,5 + 1/s’<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1/s’ = 2/2 – 1/1,5<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1/s’ = 2/2 – 1/1,5<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1/s’ = 1 – 2/3<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1/s’ = 1/3<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">s’ = 3 m<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">setelah jarak bayangan (s’) diperoleh maka pembesaran bayangan dapat dicari dengan rumus:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M = s’/s<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M = 3 m/1,5 m<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">M = 2<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dengan diketahuinya pembesaran bayangan (M) maka tinggi bayangan benda (h’) dapat dicari dengan persamaan M yakni:<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h’/h = 2<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h’/5 cm = 2<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h’ = 10 cm<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jadi, letak bayangan benda 3 m di depan cermin, dengan tinggi bayangan benda 10 cm dan pembesaran bayangan benda adalah 2 kali.</span></div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
Sumber :<br />
https://mafia.mafiaol.com/2013/02/pemantulan-dan-pembentukan-bayangan.htmlpuancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-11075680821770856192018-05-07T17:41:00.002-07:002018-05-07T17:41:37.615-07:00Mengenal Sifat-sifat Cahaya<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Cahaya merupakan energi yang berbentuk gelombang elektromagnetik. Energi tersebut merupakan energi kasat mata yang memiliki panjang gelombang 380–750 nm. <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nah, </em>gelombang elektromagnetik tidak memerlukan medium dalam perambatannya. Jadi, cahaya juga tidak memerlukan medium untuk merambat. </span></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Benda dikatakan sebagai sumber cahaya ketika benda-benda tersebut mampu memancarkan gelombang cahaya. Contohnya ialah matahari, api, lampu, dan lain-lain.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Selain benda yang memancarkan cahaya, ada juga benda gelap. Benda gelap merupakan benda tidak berpijar atau tidak memancarkan gelombang cahaya. Benda gelap dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu benda tak tembus cahaya yang tidak dapat meneruskan cahaya, seperti dinding dan batu; benda bening yang dapat meneruskan cahaya, seperti kaca; dan benda tembus cahaya yang dapat meneruskan sebagian cahaya, seperti kertas buram dan air keruh.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berkas cahaya digolongkan menjadi 3 macam:</span></div>
<ol style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berkas cahaya yang menyebar (divergen) merupakan berkas cahaya yang berasal dari satu titik kemudian menyebar ke segala arah.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berkas cahaya sejajar merupakan berkas cahaya yang sejajar satu sama lain.</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berkas cahaya mengumpul merupakan berkas cahaya yang menuju satu titik tertentu (konvergen).</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box;"></span></span><img alt="macam-macam cahaya" caption="false" data-constrained="true" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=600&name=cahaya.jpg" srcset="https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=300&name=cahaya.jpg 300w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=600&name=cahaya.jpg 600w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=900&name=cahaya.jpg 900w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=1200&name=cahaya.jpg 1200w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=1500&name=cahaya.jpg 1500w, https://blog.ruangguru.com/hs-fs/hubfs/cahaya.jpg?t=1525700843505&width=1800&name=cahaya.jpg 1800w" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 600px;" title="macam-macam cahaya" width="600" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: navy;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sifat-Sifat Cahaya</span></strong></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya memiliki beberapa sifat yang harus diketahui, yaitu:</span></div>
<ol style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; padding-left: 20px; text-align: center;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya dapat merambat lurus</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya dapat dipantulkan</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya dapat menembus benda bening</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya dapat dibiaskan</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya dapat diuraikan</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sifat cahaya yang pertama ialah dapat merambat lurus. Hal ini memberikan keuntungan pada manusia sehingga manusia memanfaatkan sifat cahaya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Contohnya ialah lampu senter dan lampu sorot kendaraan bermotor.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sifat cahaya yang kedua ialah cahaya dapat dipantulkan. Ketika benda terkena cahaya, cahaya yang mengenai benda akan dipantulkan. Jenis pemantulan terbagi menjadi dua, yaitu pemantulan baur (pemantulan difus) dan pemantulan teratur.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for pemantulan baur dan teratur" caption="false" data-constrained="true" src="https://lh5.googleusercontent.com/Lmxe1ol9wgUseY44N3FMNa58K33HOM23KXNBcn1L0fr335GNw6dZfaAq1oGoJQkahyhH_7ylhxXOXnSXCAHy8b5iJDDLGDtWWwUDUVeIB2eH1wTe8xKLEZk3sI-QgASOFgGUHqgnYduP-7zqtw" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 498px;" title="Image result for pemantulan baur dan teratur" width="498" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pemantulan teratur dan pemantulan baur. (Sumber: fismath.com)</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ketika cahaya mengenai permukaan rata, licin, dan mengilap, hasil pemantulannya akan teratur. Sedangkan, ketika cahaya mengenai permukaan yang tidak rata, kasar, dan bergelombang, hasil pemantulannya akan baur/difus. Pemantulan cahaya dapat memberi manfaat pada manusia. Contohnya ialah manusia dapat melihat pantulan bayangannya di cermin.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kaca yang bening dapat ditembus oleh cahaya. Ketika kaca yang bening tersebut dihalangi oleh benda lain yang tidak bening, cahaya tidak dapat menembusnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Cahaya menembus benda bening. (Sumber: idschool.net)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Cahaya akan dibelokkan jika merambat melalui dua zat yang kerapatannya berbeda. Contohnya seperti udara dengan air. Peristiwa pembelokkan cahaya setelah melalui suatu medium rambat disebut dengan pembiasan cahaya.</span></div>
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<img alt="macam-macam sifat cahaya" caption="false" data-constrained="true" src="https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/CBrTVDyebF8uMcDEogWa6SIVZINvAuldg6A1sIWCqZA6cFZbG06_PK_sOf6opEnuSWZgfd7IXV4UiBzA4ykrDZTQCpqA9MwVQGbTqDJVr27e8lYJdZJScgBXMYTu7QjM-N0OR7jNZb5QAoOJ2Q" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom; width: 600px;" title="macam-macam sifat cahaya" width="600" /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ilustrasi pembiasan. (Sumber: dosenpendidikan.com)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penguraian cahaya putih menjadi berbagai cahaya berwarna disebut penguraian cahaya atau dispersi. Cahaya matahari sebenarnya tersusun atas berbagai cahaya berwarna, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">lho.</em> Namun, mata kita melihat cahaya matahari berwarna putih. Contoh lain dari dispersi ialah pelangi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sumber :</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://blog.ruangguru.com/mengenal-macam-macam-sifat-cahaya</span><br />
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<br />puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-52975036245590048922018-03-21T22:05:00.002-07:002018-03-21T22:05:19.140-07:00Pengujian Ultrasonik<div style="text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white;">Pengujian ultrasonic (UT test) adalah salah satu jenis pengujian non destructive test dengan cara memberikan gelombang frekuensi tinggi ke dalam material benda uji untuk mengukur sifat geometris dan fisik dari bahan. Biasanya frekuensi yang dipakai antara 1 MHz sampai 10 MHz.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"> Laju ultrasound di bahan yang berbeda akan menghasilkan kecepatannya yang berbeda. Gelombang ultrasonic akan terus merambat melalui material dengan kecepatan tertentu dan tidak kembali kecuali hits reflector. Reflector memperkirakan adanya retak/cacat antara dua material yang berbeda.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi yang diberikan ke material kemudian dipantulkan kembali dari permukaan yang cacat, energy suara yang dipantulkan ditampilkan terhadap waktu,, dan divisualisasikan terhadap specimen. Hasil dari gelombang suara tersebut ditampilkan pada layar monitor dan terdeteksi terdapat cacat atau bebas cacat pada material tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Keunggulan Ultrasonic test</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Bisa mendeteksi kedalaman cacat, posisi dan dimensi cacat</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span>Dapat mendeteksi cacat-cacat laminasi yang tidak mampu dideteksi oleh Radiograpy test, Magnetic test maupun Penetran test</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">PRINSIP KERJA ULTRASONIC TEST</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCRhGPFmk3XzMt_0QIH7C5SoNojx0Op4mDD_deassV6W5lZdgBM-KQjJzhK2kE5PfLrkXdm5j6rTAxvNFpgXAvIgvQInyltNxsK6aEeAcJHqfUBhjdfO634tLzbFhs7qDKNU-gdlNMEc_/s1600/UT1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: black;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMCRhGPFmk3XzMt_0QIH7C5SoNojx0Op4mDD_deassV6W5lZdgBM-KQjJzhK2kE5PfLrkXdm5j6rTAxvNFpgXAvIgvQInyltNxsK6aEeAcJHqfUBhjdfO634tLzbFhs7qDKNU-gdlNMEc_/s1600/UT1.gif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(17, 17, 17); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 1px; position: relative;" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Gambar diatas adalah tampilan secara sederhana proses pengujian Ultrasonic Test, dimana gelombang Ultrasonic disorotkan ke permukaan bidang uji dengan garis lurus pada kecepatan konstan, kemudian gelombang tersebut dipantulkan kembali dari permukaan atau cacat benda uji.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Hasil dari gelombang suara tersebut ditampilkan pada layar monitor berupa tampilan pulsa untuk mengetahui tebal serta cacat atau tidaknya benda uji tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Secara umum tampilan pulsa pada layar monitor terdiri dari:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Initial Pulse</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Backwall Pulse</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Defect Pulse</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Noise Pulse</span></div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">Sedangkan untuk membedakan tampilan pulsa2 pada layar monitor dapat dijelaskan secara sederhananya sbb:</span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Initial Pulse adalah signal pulsa yang selalu muncul pada saat awal tampilan pengukuran yang terbaca dilayar monitor.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Defect Pulse adalah signal pulsa yang muncul sebagai indikasi adanya cacat pada bahan uji.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Backwall Pulse adalah signal pulsa yang menyatakan ketebalan bahan uji.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Noise Pulse adalah kumpulan pulsa-pulsa noise yang muncul pada bahan uji.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Backwall pulse, Noise pulse dan Defect Pulse bagi orang yang baru pertama kali mengoperasikan alat Ultrasonic test mungkin masih rancu untuk membedakan. oleh karena itu untuk membedakannya kita bisa melihat dari karakter signal yang muncul pada tampilan layar monitor.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Untuk mengetahui apakah itu Backwal pulse kita bisa menambah panjang Range pada set up alat UT. jika Pulsa selalu muncul setiap kelipatan angka pada layar UT test secara teratur misalya pada jarak 6,12,18,24 dst.. berarti pulsa tsb masuk kategori Backwall pulse.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Sedangkan Defect pulse dan noise pulse untuk membedakannya kita bisa mengatur nilai Reject pada alat UT test tsb, jika kita menaikkan nilai Reject pada alat UT test kemudian signal yang muncul pada layar monitor menghilang, berarti signal tersebut adalah noise pulse, namun bila tampilan signal tetap muncul pada layar monitor berarti signal tersebut adalah defect pulse.</span></div>
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Sumber :<br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/M3qFoA"><span style="color: black;">https://goo.gl/images/M3qFoA</span></a><br />
<a href="http://expresiku2812.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/pengujian-non-destructive-test-ndt.html">http://expresiku2812.blogspot.co.id/2014/08/pengujian-non-destructive-test-ndt.html</a><br />
<br />puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-18553034799873298952018-03-21T22:00:00.001-07:002018-03-21T22:00:45.631-07:00SONIFIKASI<img alt="Image result for SONIFIKASI" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin5Knyll8kWFl3-oXx-FQZ_uUvJAOhqAKHmjl2DYRjeWZfz7M07xS49ZdGUZ_nTUbh_rcZCBVPQwlHb1dgscDiVGZ8MxbpbmwCAk_v4L1nJ01gg1_Ng7JN48EjGIzHaikKH2mV9Zheh5A/s1600/mesin.jpeg" /><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Sonikasi adalah suatu teknologi yang memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonik. Ultrasonik adalah suara atau getaran dengan frekuensi yang terlalu tinggi untuk bisa didengar oleh manusia, yaitu kira-kira di atas 20 kHz. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Gelombang ultrasonik dapat merambat dalam medium padat, cair, dan gas. P</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span>roses sonikasi ini mengubah sinyal listrik menjadi getaran fisik yang dapat diarahkan untuk suatu bahan dengan menggunakan alat yang bernama sonikator. Sonikasi ini biasanya dilakukan untuk memecah senyawa atau sel untuk pemeriksaan lebih lanjut. Getaran ini memiliki efek yang sangat kuat pada larutan, menyebabkan pecahnya molekul dan putusnya sel. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Bagian utama dari perangkat sonikasi adalah generator listrik ultrasonik. Perangkat ini membuat sinyal (biasanya sekitar 20 kHz) yang berkekuatan ke transduser. Transduser ini mengubah sinyal listrik dengan menggunakan kristal piezoelektrik, atau kristal yang merespon langsung ke listrik dengan menciptakan getaran mekanis dan kemudian dikeluarkan melewati <i>probe</i>. <i>Probe</i> sonikasi mengirimkan getaran ke larutan yang disonikasi. <i>Probe</i> ini akan bergerak seiring dengan getaran dan mentransmisikan ke dalam larutan. Probe bergerak naik dan turun pada tingkat kecepatan yang tinggi, meskipun amplitudo dapat dikontrol dan dipilih berdasarkan kualitas larutan yang disonikasi. Gerakan cepat probe menimbulkan efek yang disebut kavitasi. Rangkaian alat sonikasi dapat dilihat pada Gambar I.</span><br /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Gambar I. Rangkaian Alat Sonikasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dalam hal kinetika kimia, ultrasonik dapat meningkatkan kereaktifan kimia pada suatu sistem yang secara efektif bertindak sebagai katalis untuk lebih mereaktifkan atom – atom dan molekul dalam sistem. Pada reaksi yang menggunakan bahan padat, ultrasonik ini berfungsi untuk memecah padatan dari energi yang ditimbulkan akibat runtuhnya kavitasi. Dampaknya ialah luas permukaan padatan lebih besar sehingga laju reaksi meningkat (Suslick, 1989).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> Semakin lama waktu sonikasi, ukuran partikel cenderung lebih homogen dan mengecil yang akhirnya menuju ukuran nanopartikel yang stabil serta penggumpalan pun semakin berkurang. Hal ini disebabkan karena gelombang kejut pada metode sonikasi dapat memisahkan penggumpalan partikel (<i>agglomeration</i>) dan terjadi dispersi sempurna dengan penambahan surfaktan sebagai penstabil. </span><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Daya ultrasonik meningkatkan perubahan kimia dan fisik dalam media cair melalui generasi dan pecah dari gelembung kavitasi. Seperti ultrasonik, gelombang suara disebarkan melalui serangkaian kompresi dan penghalusan gelombang diinduksi dalam molekul medium yang dilewatinya. Pada daya yang cukup tinggi siklus penghalusan dapat melebihi kekuatan menarik dari molekul cairan dan kavitasi gelembung akan terbentuk. Gelembung tersebut tumbuh dengan proses yang dikenal sebagai difusi yang dikoreksi yaitu sejumlah kecil uap (atau gas) dari media memasuki gelembung selama fase ekspansi dan tidak sepenuhnya dikeluarkan selama kompresi. Gelembung berkembang selama periode beberapa siklus untuk ukuran kesetimbangan untuk frekuensi tertentu digunakan. Ini adalah fenomena gelembung ketika pecah dalam siklus kompresi yang menghasilkan energi untuk efek kimia dan mekanik (Gambar II). Pecahnya gelembung kavitasi merupakan fenomena luar biasa yang disebabkan oleh kekuatan suara. Dalam sistem cair pada frekuensi ultrasonik 20kHz setiap pecahnya gelembung kavitasi bertindak sebagai lokal "hotspot" menghasilkan suhu sekitar 4.000 K dan tekanan lebih dari 1000 atmosfer. </span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjpu56MTkImR6Vw8HYHfOWAihe_vA4yZp_EW3EXG2eDxn9zEcRrgjo2lUsFpaq_yzalcV8t5mIcXXx1obDYLUojuYsTQrGKNtzi8KHpHwkARRc6VMwpoxCSifeR9cq9kvCurRl4Bj9IFg/s1600/Capture2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="color: #6699cc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjpu56MTkImR6Vw8HYHfOWAihe_vA4yZp_EW3EXG2eDxn9zEcRrgjo2lUsFpaq_yzalcV8t5mIcXXx1obDYLUojuYsTQrGKNtzi8KHpHwkARRc6VMwpoxCSifeR9cq9kvCurRl4Bj9IFg/s1600/Capture2.JPG" style="border: none; position: relative;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Gambar II. Generasi Acoustic Cavitation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Menurut Gogate berkaitan dengan reaksi kimia, kavitasi dapat mempengaruhi hal berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a. Mengurangi waktu reaksi</span></div>
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b. Meningkatkan yield dalam reaksi kimia</div>
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c. Mengurangi ”<i>force</i>” suhu dan tekanan</div>
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d. Mengurangi periode induksi dan reaksi yang diinginkan</div>
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e. Meningkatkan selektivitas</div>
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f. Membangkitkan radikal bebas </div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sebagai tambahan terhadap timbulnya kondisi-kondisi ekstrem di dalam gelembung juga dihasilkan efek mekanik seperti terjadinya <i>collaps</i> gelembung yang sangat cepat. Hal ini juga sangat penting dalam bidang sintesis dan termasuk juga <i>degassing</i> yang sangat cepat dari kavitasi cairan serta dalam hal pembentukan kristal yang cepat.</span> </div>
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Sumber ;<br />
<a href="http://yyuniarti.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/sonikasi.html">http://yyuniarti.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/sonikasi.html</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/M7TFmx">https://goo.gl/images/M7TFmx</a><br />
<br />puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-1179114943083701412018-03-21T21:57:00.001-07:002018-03-21T21:57:43.688-07:00Pembersih Ultrasonik<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for pembersih ultrasonik" height="400" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/ruparupa-com/image/upload/h_1000,w_1000,f_auto/v1476940315/303363_1.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</span></h2>
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<a href="http://ukurkadarair.com/category/ultrasonic-cleaner/" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #616161; text-decoration-line: none;">Pembersihan ultrasonik</a> adalah penghapusan yang cepat dan lengkap kontaminan dari objek dengan cara membenamkan mereka dalam tangki cairan dibanjiri dengan frekuensi tinggi gelombang suara. Gelombang suara yang tidak terdengar membuat aksi sikat menggosok dalam cairan.</div>
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Proses ini disebabkan oleh frekuensi tinggi energi listrik yang diubah oleh transducer menjadi gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi – energi ultrasonik. Kemampuannya untuk membersihkan zat bahkan yang paling ulet dari item berasal dari inti unit: transduser. Kekuatan membersihkan dari unit berasal dari kinerja transduser.</div>
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Efisiensi transduser akan mempengaruhi baik waktu pembersihan dan kemanjuran dicapai selama siklus pembersihan. Sebuah transduser berkualitas buruk akan menggunakan daya lebih dan memakan waktu lebih lama untuk membersihkan barang-barang dari transduser yang baik.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ultrasonic cleaning<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Energi ultrasonik memasuki cairan dalam tangki dan menyebabkan pembentukan cepat dan runtuhnya gelembung menit: sebuah fenomena yang dikenal sebagai kavitasi. Gelembung meningkat pesat dalam ukuran sampai mereka meledak terhadap permukaan item direndam dalam tangki dalam pelepasan energi yang sangat besar, yang mengangkat kontaminasi dari permukaan dan relung terdalam bagian berbentuk rumit.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Ini adalah kemampuan untuk membersihkan sendi box, engsel dan benang dengan cepat dan efektif yang telah membuat pembersih ultrasonik pilihan pertama bagi banyak industri selama lebih dari 25 tahun.</div>
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Ada banyak variabel yang perlu mempertimbangkan saat membersihkan barang-barang. Panas, listrik, frekuensi, jenis deterjen dan waktu semua mempengaruhi proses pembersihan tetapi fleksibilitas ultrasonik berarti bahwa ini semua dapat dimasukkan ke dalam proses untuk mencapai hasil yang paling efektif.</div>
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Sebagai gelembung meledak dan kavitasipasti akan terjadi, larutan pembersih bergegas ke dalam celah yang ditinggalkan oleh gelembung. Sebagai cairan ini membuat kontak dengan forceps, kontaminan yang hadir akan dihapus.</div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Bagaimana ultrasonik cleaner bekerja ???</span></h3>
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Kegiatan ultrasonik (kavitasi) membantu solusi untuk mempercepat melakukan tugasnya; air putih biasanya tidak akan efektif. Larutan pembersih mengandung bahan yang dirancang untuk membuat pembersihan ultrasonik lebih efektif. Misalnya, pengurangan tegangan permukaan meningkatkan kadar kavitasi, sehingga solusi mengandung bahan pembasah yang baik ( surfaktan ). Larutan pembersih berair mengandung deterjen, agen pembasahan dan komponen lainnya, dan memiliki pengaruh besar pada proses pembersihan. Komposisi yang tepat dari solusi ini sangat tergantung pada item yang dibersihkan. Solusi sebagian besar digunakan hangat, sekitar 50-65 ° C (122-149 ° F), namun, dalam aplikasi medis secara umum diterima bahwa pembersihan harus pada suhu di bawah 38 ° C (100 ° F) untuk mencegah koagulasi protein.</div>
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Solusi berbasis air lebih terbatas dalam kemampuan mereka untuk menghilangkan kontaminan oleh aksi kimiawi saja daripada solusi pelarut; misalnya untuk bagian halus ditutupi dengan lemak tebal. Upaya yang diperlukan untuk merancang sistem air-pembersihan yang efektif untuk tujuan tertentu jauh lebih besar daripada untuk sistem pelarut.</div>
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Beberapa mesin (yang tidak terlalu besar) yang terintegrasi dengan degreasing uap mesin menggunakan cairan pembersih hidrokarbon: Tiga tank digunakan dalam kaskade. Semakin rendah tangki berisi cairan kotor dipanaskan menyebabkan cairan menguap. Di bagian atas mesin ada koil pendingin. Cairan mengembun pada koil dan jatuh ke dalam tangki atas. Tangki atas akhirnya meluap dan cairan bersih berjalan ke dalam tangki kerja di mana pembersihan berlangsung. Harga beli lebih tinggi dari mesin sederhana, namun mesin tersebut ekonomis dalam jangka panjang. Cairan yang sama dapat digunakan kembali berkali-kali, meminimalkan pemborosan dan polusi.</div>
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Carbon tetrachloride digunakan di masa lalu, tapi sekarang dilarang sebagai bahaya kesehatan.</div>
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Sumber :<br />
<a href="https://ukurkadarair.com/bagaimana-ultrasonik-cleaner-bekerja/">https://ukurkadarair.com/bagaimana-ultrasonik-cleaner-bekerja/</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/SWZz5y">https://goo.gl/images/SWZz5y</a><br />
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<br />puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-25461565856755898942018-03-21T21:54:00.002-07:002018-03-21T21:54:35.590-07:00Penjelasan tentang Terapi Ultrasonik<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for terapi ultrasonik" height="320" src="http://i1.wp.com/skin.co.id/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/perawatan-ultrasounds.jpg?resize=600%2C300" width="640" /></div>
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Apa itu Terapi Ultrasound</h2>
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Terapi ultrasound adalah metode pengobatan yang menggunakan teknologi ultrasound atau gelombang suara untuk merangsang jaringan tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan. Walaupun telah lama digunakan di bidang kedokteran untuk berbagai tujuan, teknologi ultrasound lebih dikenal sebagai alat pemeriksaan daripada sebagai alat terapi. Salah satu keuntungan terapeutik dari ultrasound yang belum terlalu dikenal adalah pengobatan cedera otot. Oleh karena itu, terapi ultrasound sering digunakan dalam pengobatan muskuloskeletal dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/specialty/kedokteran-olahraga" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">cedera akibat olahraga</a>.</div>
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Keberhasilan penggunaan teknologi ultrasound sebagai alat terapi bergantung pada kemampuannya untuk merangsang jaringan yang ada di bawah kulit dengan menggunakan gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi, mulai dari 800.000 Hz – 2.000.000 Hz. Efek penyembuhan dari ultrasound pertama ditemukan pada sekitar tahun 1940. Awalnya, terapi ini hanya digunakan oleh terapis fisik dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/specialty/terapi-okupasional" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">okupasi</a>. Namun, saat ini penggunaan terapi ultrasound telah menyebar ke cabang ilmu kedokteran lainnya.</div>
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Siapa yang Perlu Menjalani Terapi Ultrasound dan Hasil yang Diharapkan</h2>
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Saat ini, terapi ultrasound lebih banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan cedera muskuloskeletal. Pasien yang dapat memanfaatkan teknologi ultrasound sebagai terapi muskuloskeletal adalah mereka yang menderita penyakit berikut:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Plantar fasciitis (peradangan pada fascia plantar di tumit)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Siku tenis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nyeri pada bagian bawah punggung</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penyakit temporomandibular</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ligamen yang terkilir</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Otot yang tegang</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Tendonitis (peradangan tendon)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Peradangan sendi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Metatarsalgia (peradangan sendi metatarsal di telapak kaki)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Iritasi sendi facet</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sindrom tabrakan (impingement syndrome)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bursitis (peradangan bursa/kantung cairan sendi)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/condition/osteoarthritis/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Osteoartritis</a> (pengapuran sendi)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Jaringan luka</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Artritis reumatoid</li>
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Namun, tergantung pada cara dan tingkat penggunaan terapi ultrasound, terapi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk menangani penyakit yang serius dan kronis seperti kanker. Jenis metode terapi ultrasound antara lain adalah:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lithotripsi (untuk menghancurkan batu di saluran kemih)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Terapi kanker</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pemberian obat tepat sasaran dengan ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ultrasound Intensitas Tinggi (High Intensity Focused Ultrasound/HIFU)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pemberian obat dengan ultrasound trans-dermal</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Penghentian pendarahan (hemostasis) dengan ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Trombolisis dengan bantuan ultrasound</li>
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Setelah dipancarkan pada bagian tubuh yang membutuhkan pengobatan, teknologi ultrasound akan menyebabkan dua efek utama: termal dan non-termal. Efek termal disebabkan oleh penyerapan gelombang suara ke jaringan halus tubuh, sedangkan efek non-termal disebabkan oleh microstreaming, streaming akustik, dan kavitasi, atau akibat bergetarnya jaringan yang menyebabkan terbentuknya gelembung mikroskopis.</div>
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<img alt="Image result for terapi ultrasonik" height="320" src="https://ae01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1HkInLpXXXXbQXXXXq6xXFXXXN/3in1-1-MHz-EMS-Infrared-Usg-Pijat-Tubuh-Pelangsing-Anti-Selulit-Berat-Badan-Face-Terapi-Ultrasonik.jpg_640x640.jpg" width="320" /></div>
<h2 id="cara_kerja_terapi_ultrasound" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f899a; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.04em; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Cara Kerja Terapi Ultrasound</h2>
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Terapi ultrasound memiliki banyak tingkat, tergantung pada frekuensi dan intensitas dari suara yang digunakan. Tingkat keragaman yang tinggi ini sangat menguntungkan untuk alat terapeutik karena terapis dapat menyesuaikan intensitas terapi agar sesuai dengan penyakit yang ditangani. Namun pada dasarnya terapi ultrasound bekerja dengan menggunakan gelombang suara yang ketika dipancarkan pada bagian tertentu tubuh dapat meningkatkan suhu dari jaringan tubuh yang rusak.</div>
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Untuk pengobatan muskuloskeletal, terapi ultrasound bekerja dengan tiga cara:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Mempercepat proses penyembuhan dengan memperlancar aliran darah di bagian tubuh yang mengalami gangguan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menyembuhkan peradangan dan edema (penimbunan cairan), sehingga dapat mengurangi rasa sakit.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Memperlunak jaringan luka</li>
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Terapi ultrasound juga dapat digunakan untuk:</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #2d3539; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 0px 1.57em; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menghancurkan timbunan zat asing di dalam tubuh, seperti timbunan kalkulus, mis. batu ginjal dan <a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/id/info/condition/batu-empedu" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #1fa4ec; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">batu empedu</a>; ketika telah dipecahkan menjadi bagian-bagian yang lebih kecil, dapat dikeluarkan dari tubuh dengan aman dan mudah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Meningkatkan proses penyerapan dan keberhasilan obat di bagian tubuh tertentu, mis. memastikan bahwa obat kemoterapi mengenai sel kanker otak yang tepat</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menghilangkan timbunan kotoran ketika tindakan pembersihan gigi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Membantu sedot lemak, mis. sedot lemak dengan bantuan ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Membantu dalam skleroterapi atau perawatan laser endovenous, yang dapat digunakan sebagai metode penghilangan varises non-bedah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Memicu agar gigi atau tulang dapat tumbuh kembali (hanya ketika menggunakan denyut ultrasound intensitas rendah)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Menghilangkan penghalang darah di otak (blood-brain barrier) agar obat dapat diserap tubuh dengan baik</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bekerja bersama antibiotik untuk menghancurkan bakteri</li>
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Untuk mendapatkan manfaat dari terapi ini, ultrasound harus dipancarkan pada kulit dari bagian tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan dengan menggunakan transduser atau alat yang dirancang khusus untuk terapi ini. Saat gelombang suara telah dipancarkan, gelombang tersebut akan diserap oleh jaringan halus tubuh, seperti ligamen, tendon, dan fascia.</div>
<h2 id="kemungkinan_komplikasi_dan_resiko_terapi_ultrasound" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f899a; font-family: "PT Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.04em; margin: 40px 0px 10px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
Kemungkinan Komplikasi dan Resiko Terapi Ultrasound</h2>
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Walaupun teknologi ultrasound telah banyak digunakan, namun tetap ada panduan cara penggunaan ultrasound yang aman. Panduan ini bertujuan untuk mencegah risiko tertentu yang dapat terjadi, sekecil apapun kemungkinannya. Risiko tersebut meliputi:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Luka bakar akibat terapi ultrasound</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pendarahan akibat terapi mekanis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02em; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Efek biologis yang tidak terlalu berpengaruh namun tidak dapat diperkirakan</li>
</ul>
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Namun, karena terapi ultrasound hanya menggunakan gelombang suara sebagai komponen utama dalam pengobatan, terapi ini tidak memiliki risiko bahaya seperti terapi lainnya seperti bahaya dari terapi radiasi. Selain itu, pasien tidak berisiko terkena kanker, walaupun terapi ultrasound dilakukan berkali-kali dan jumlah gelombang suara yang dikenakan pada pasien bertambah.</div>
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Untuk memastikan keamanan dan keselamatan pasien, risiko dan keuntungan dari terapi ultrasound harus dicermati dengan seksama. Sebelum menjalani terapi ultrasound, pasien harus membandingkan keuntungan yang bisa didapatkan dengan risiko yang bisa terjadi. </div>
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Sumber :<br />
<a href="https://www.docdoc.com/id/info/procedure/terapi-ultrasound">https://www.docdoc.com/id/info/procedure/terapi-ultrasound</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/BroXGF">https://goo.gl/images/BroXGF</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/rsmXSU">https://goo.gl/images/rsmXSU</a><br />
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<br />puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-44723559018191234032018-03-21T21:50:00.003-07:002018-03-21T21:50:41.536-07:00SONAR, APAKAH ITU?<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="about:invalid#zClosurez" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Image result for sonar" border="0" height="290" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" width="400" /></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Munculnya sonar tak bisa dilepas dari rintisan tokoh seperti Daniel Colloden yang pada tahun 1822 menggunakan lonceng bawah air untuk menghitung kecepatan suara di bawah air di Danau Geneva, Swiss. Ini selanjutnya diikuti oleh Lewis Nixon, yg pda tahun 1906 menemukan alat pendengar bertipe sonar pertama untuk mendeteksi puncak gunung es. Peminat terhadap sonar makin meningkat pd era Perang Dunia ke I, yaitu disaat ada kebutuhan untuk bisa mendeteksi kapal selam.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Dalam perkembangan selanjutnya ada nama Paul Langevin yang tahun 1915 menemukan alat sonar pertama untuk mendeteksi kapal selam dengan menggunakan sifat-sifat piezoelektrik kuartz. Meskipun tdk sempat terlibat lebih jauh dalam aktifitas perang, karya Langevin berpengaruh besar dlm desain sonar.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sonar (Singkatan dari bahasa Inggris: sound navigation & ranging), merupakan istilah Amerika yg pertama kali digunakan semasa Perang Dunia, yg berarti penjarakan & navigasi suara, adalah sebuah teknik yg memakai penjalaran suara dalam air untuk navigasi atau mendeteksi kendaraan air lainnya. Sementara itu, Inggris punya sebutan nama lain untk sebuah sonar, yaitu: ASDIC (Anti-Submarine Detection Investigation Committee).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sonar merupakan sistem yang menggunakan gelombang suara bawah air yang dipancarkan dan dipantulkan untuk mendeteksi dan menetapkan lokasi obyek di bawah laut atau untuk mengukur jarak bawah laut. Hingga saat ini sonar telah luas digunakan untk mendeteksi kapal selam & ranjau, mendeteksi kedalaman, </span><a href="http://www.kuliahkelautan.com/search/label/Ikan" style="background-color: white; color: #1a74ba; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">penangkapan ikan</b></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> komersial, keselamatan penyelaman, &komunikasi di laut.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Cara kerja perlengkapan sonar adalah dengan mengirim gelombang suara bawah permukaan dan kemudian menunggu untuk gelombang pantulan (echo). Data suara/gelombang dipancarkan kembali keoperator melalui pengeras suara atau ditayangkan pada monitor.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Pada tahun 1918 Inggris dan AS membuat sebuah sistem aktif, yg sinyal sonar aktif dikirim & diterima kembali. Misalnya saja untk mengetahui jarak suatu obyek, petugas sonar mengukur waktu yang diperlukan oleh sinyal sejak dipancarkan hingga diterima kembali. Karena tidak ada sinyal yg dikirim pd sistem pasif, alat ini hanya untuk mendengarkan. Pd sistem pasif maju, mempunyai bank data sonik (sumber bunyi) yg besar. Sistem komputer menggunakan bank data tadi untk mengenali kelas kapal, juga aksinya (kecepatan / senjata yg ditembakkan). 805, konfigurasinya terdiri atas peralatan-peralatan bawah air, kabel dan perlengkapan berbasis di pantai. Sebuah unit peralatan bawah air masih memiliki sebuah unit elektronik pengirim sonar dan sebuah transducer omni-directional. Kabel yang dipergunakan memiliki serap optik untuk kebutuhan komunikasi dan konduktor tembaga untuk kebutuhan penyaluran power yang menghubungkan unit peralatan bawah dengan peralatan lainnya yang berada di daerah pantai. Kabel yang khusus untuk digunakan di </span><a href="http://www.kuliahkelautan.com/search/label/Laut" style="background-color: white; color: #1a74ba; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">lingkungan laut</b></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"> ada yang panjangnya mencapai 4000 meter. Selanjutnya peralatan yang berada di daerah pantai teratas unit peralatan layer monitor pengontrol power (listrik) dan panel monitor berwarna. Sonar kemudian dioperasikan dengan menggunakan sebuah tarckball yang memiliki 3 switches dengan menu control terdapat pada layer.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Lato, "Myriad Pro", Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Frekuensi yang digunakan oleh sonar berada pada daerah yg ultrasonic, yaitu di atas 20.000 hertz. Krena frekunsi tersebut tidak dapat didengar dan panjang gelombang pada daerah ultrasonic pada daerah ultrasonic sangat kecil sehingga difraksi yang terjadi juga semakin kecil, & gelombang tdk akan menyebar. Kecil panjang gelombang yg digunakan, juga dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi benda-benda yg kecil pula.</span></div>
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Sumber :<div>
<a href="http://kuliahkelautan.blogspot.co.id/2013/02/apa-itu-sonar.html">http://kuliahkelautan.blogspot.co.id/2013/02/apa-itu-sonar.html</a></div>
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<a href="https://goo.gl/images/RJZz82">https://goo.gl/images/RJZz82</a></div>
puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-29378297485897018922018-03-21T21:44:00.003-07:002018-03-21T21:44:32.598-07:00Ultrasonografi (USG), APLIKASI GETARAN dan GELOMBANG dalam TEKHNOLOGI<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for usg" height="177" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.bantuanbpjs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/usg.jpg?fit=659%2C365" width="320" /></div>
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USG atau Ultrasonografi adalah prosedur pemeriksaan yang tidak berbahaya. USG menggunakan gelombang suara tinggi yang dipantulkan ke tubuh untuk memperlihatkan gambaran rahim dan isinya yang memberikan informasi dalam bentuk gambar yang disebut Sonogram yang dapat kita lihat di layar monitor.</div>
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<img alt="Image result for usg" height="294" src="http://www.panduanbpjs.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Periksa-Kehamilan-ke-USG.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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USG tidak menggunakan radiasi, jarum suntik, cairan atau obat-obatan yang dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh. Sehingga Ultrasonografi aman untuk bayi dalam kandungan Anda. USG sudah di gunakan bertahun tahun dan tidak ada kejadian yang menunjukkan bahwa USG menyebabkan gangguan pada ibu ataupun bayi. Tapi untuk mencegah radiasi yang belum dibuktikan ini, sebagian dokter hanya menganjurkan pemeriksaan USG untuk kepentingan kesehatan atau medik saja dan bukan hanya melakukan pemeriksaan USG untuk mengambil print photo bayi anda sebagai photo keluarga saja.</div>
Sumber :<br />
<a href="http://doktersehat.com/apa-itu-usg-apa-berbahaya-bagi-bayi/">http://doktersehat.com/apa-itu-usg-apa-berbahaya-bagi-bayi/</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/xCjPgN">https://goo.gl/images/xCjPgN</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/y2RTVa">https://goo.gl/images/y2RTVa</a>puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-71491142701430390032018-03-21T21:38:00.000-07:002018-03-21T21:39:13.474-07:00Pendengaran pada Hewan<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>1. Indra Pendengaran pada Anjing</b></span><br />
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Kelebihan indera pendengaran anjing</h2>
<ol style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #111111; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0px 0px 24px 20px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dari hasil penelitian, anjing masih dapat mendengar dari jarak 24 meter dan masih bisa melokalisir dengan tepat sumber bunyi mana yang aktif.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Batas frekuensi pendengaran anjing 20-80.000 c/s lebih tinggi dari manusia yang hanya mencapai 20-20.00 c/s.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anjing bisa mendengar suara frekuensi rendah 16 hingga 20Hz, sedangkan manusia hanya mendengar frekuensi 20-70 Hz.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Suara frekuensi tertinggi yang bisa didengar anjing adalah 70-100 kHz, sementara manusia hanya mendengar frekuensi 13-20 kHz.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anjing bisa menggerak-gerakkan daun telinga agar cepat bisa menentukan lokasi sumber suara yang sebenarnya. Lebih dari 18 otot pada daun telinga memungkinkan anjing memiringkan, memutar, menidurkan, atau menegakkan daun telinga.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anjing mampu menentukan sumber suara lebih cepat dari manusia, sekaligus bisa mendengar suara yang sumbernya empat kali lebih jauh yang dapat didengar manusia.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Anjing dengan daun telinga berbentuk alami, tegak seperti daun telinga serigala, biasanya memiliki pendengaran yang lebih baik daripada anjing berdaun telinga jatuh seperti terdapat pada banyak spesies hasil domestikasi.</span></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>2. Indra Pendengaran pada Serangga</b></span><br />
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Komunikasi insekta/serangga</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Komunikasi dapat di definisikan sebagai perbuatan yang dilakukan untuk memberi informasi. Dengan demikian, semua metode komunikasi melibatkan perbuatan sinyal (informasi), transimis, dan resepsi. Setiap kali terjadi pertukaran informasi, maka sukar secara langsung mengamati perbuatan dan transmisinya, tetapi yang utama adalah perpindahan informasi itu harus terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Biasanya hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan mengamati perubahan perilaku atau perubahaan faal penerimanya. Efek sinyal ini ada dua macam, yaitu langsung (segera setelah menerima sinyal) dan laten (memakan waktu cukup lama untuk mengamati tanggapannya, mungkin beberapa menit, jam, hari, bahkan dapat lebih lama lagi). Efek laten lebih sukar di amati daripada efek langsung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Komunikasi insekta/serangga dengan gelombang bunyi</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Setiap orang pernah mendengar bunyi jangkrik sadar bahwa insekta relatif begitu kecil dapat mengeluarkan bunyi yang cukup keras. Suatu sinyal bunyi adalah suatu gelombang tekanan yang di gerakkan oleh adanya getaran. Insekta mempunyai sinyal efektif dalam memancarkan bunyi dengan<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>frekuensi yang lebih tinggi lagi. Akan tetapi otot-otot insekta tidak mampu bergeser lebih cepat daripada 1 kHz, oleh sebab itu frekuensi pergerseran otot-otot itu harus dilipatkan agar dapat menghasilkan sinyal. Misalnya, jangkrik mempunyai selaput suara yang berbentuk keping lengkung yang bergetar setelah mengalami perubahan bentuk oleh otot-otot selaput, dan kembali kebentuk asalnya. Jadi selaput suara melipatkan frekuensi pergeserannya dan memancarkan bunyi.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Unsur terakhir suatu generator bunyi kerap kali berupa sejenis pemandu bunyi, yaitu suatu struktur anatomi (atau lingkungan) untuk mengarahkan dan menguatkan bunyi. Pemandu bunyi semacam itu mirip dengan kotak tertutup (jangkrik), keping (belalang), atau terompet (gangsir). Rentang transimisi sinyal yang dapat di dengar itu tergantung suhu, kelembapan udara, dan frekuensi sinyal. Jika suhu dan kelembapan udara di pertahankan konstan maka makin tinggi frekuensi sinyal, makin besar penyerapannya di udara.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada akhirnya, penerimaan sinyal bunyi sudah tentu membutuhkan telinga insekta. Hanya ada<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>satu jenis mata insekta atau telinga mamalia, tetapi ada beberapa macam jenis telinga insekta. Ada dua bentuk telinga insekta yang paling lazim, yang keduanya dikaitkan dengan struktur telinga manusia yaitu reseptor rambut yang dilekatkan secara lentur dapat bergerak oleh pengaruh setiap getaran bunyi, terutama untuk mengukur gerakan dan organ timpani menggunakan selaput untuk mencatat tekanan dan gradien tekanan. Apabila bunyi diterima dan ditafsirkan, insekta dapat menghasilkan bermacam-macam tanggapan yang meliputi ; daya tarik seks, pertahanan wilayah dan perubahan lintasan terbang untuk mempertahankan kelompoknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rentang frekuensi gelombang bunyi pada insekta/serangga</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dibandingkan perbedaan frekuensi yang dimiliki manusia dengan binatang, manusia memiliki rentang kepekaan akustik yang lebih pendek dan batas frekuensi atas yang relatif rendah yaitu sekitar 20kHz. Dengan menggunakan skala logaritma, kita akan menggunakan istilah ultrasonik untuk menyatakan radiasi bunyi pada frekuensi di atas 20kHz.</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gambar 1.1. Ketergantungan frekuensi pendengaran untuk bermacam-macam binatang</span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Keterangan <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>: Pita gelap menunjukkan rentang kepekaan terbesar. Garis vertikal dekat 20kHz menunjukkan batas frekuensi tinggi bagi manusia. Skala frekuensi adalah skala logaritma.</span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Skala logaritma dari frekuensi di tunjukkan seperti gambar 1.1.</span></div>
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<span lang="IT" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dari gambar 1.1. tersebut menunjukkan bahwa insekta khususnya belalang mempunyai kepekaan di daerah rentang ultrasonik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; color: #2b2b2b; font-family: Lato, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="IT" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penggunaan sinyal-sinyal oleh insekta ini sebenarnya hanya dapat direkam dengan menggunakan rangkaian listrik dengan memakai sistem piranti elektronik.</span></div>
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Sumber :<br />
<b><a href="http://adys.blog.uns.ac.id/2009/09/29/gelombang-bunyi-pada-insektaserangga/">http://adys.blog.uns.ac.id/2009/09/29/gelombang-bunyi-pada-insektaserangga/</a></b><br />
<a href="http://anjing.org/ciri-fisik/indera-pendengaran-anjing.html">http://anjing.org/ciri-fisik/indera-pendengaran-anjing.html</a>puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-54799090519254197832018-03-21T21:28:00.001-07:002018-03-21T21:28:05.091-07:00Mekanisme Pendengaran Pada Manusia<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for pendengaran manusia" height="217" src="https://redalexandria.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/frekuensi-pendengaran-manusia.jpg?w=361&h=245" width="320" /></div>
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Bagaimanakah kita dapat mendengar suatu bunyi?</h4>
Kita dapat mendengar suatu bunyi pada dasarnya dengan urutan sebagaimana diperlihatkan pada gambar berikut ini.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0g2dkmTOWZyOMtrOVwRUz1f2wm8PmjdWce0owUjyD3u8PlcdxYboFboFbbIrz65TnYm80pCRG2zEvZOOpFAuesCJdW5Jzaz7X2EiCWtdSKzB8lm0PPwZm8nTyG4W4q-pgs5ocZLcuuSo2/s1600/proses+mendengar.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Jelaskan Mekanisme Proses Mendengar pada Manusia?" border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0g2dkmTOWZyOMtrOVwRUz1f2wm8PmjdWce0owUjyD3u8PlcdxYboFboFbbIrz65TnYm80pCRG2zEvZOOpFAuesCJdW5Jzaz7X2EiCWtdSKzB8lm0PPwZm8nTyG4W4q-pgs5ocZLcuuSo2/s400/proses+mendengar.JPG" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Jelaskan Mekanisme Proses Mendengar pada Manusia?" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.2px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Proses perjalanan bunyi</td></tr>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Mekanisme proses mendengar sesuai gambar di atas adalah sebagai berikut!</div>
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1) Gelombang bunyi diterima <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">daun telinga</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />2) Gelombang bunyi disalurkan masuk oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">liang telinga.</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />3) Gelombang bunyi menggetarkan <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gendang telinga</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />4) Getaran tersebut diteruskan oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tulang-tulang pendengaran</b> (<i style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">osikel</b></i>).<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />5) Getaran diteruskan ke <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tingkat jorong</b> dan menggetarkan <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cairan limfe</b> di dalam <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kokhlea</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />6) Getaran cairan limfe di dalam kokhlea menggerakkan <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sel reseptor organ korti</b>, yang menghasilkan impuls untuk dihantarkan oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saraf pendengar ke otak</u></b> untuk diartikan.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />7) Getaran cairan limfe juga menggerakkan tingkap bulat bergerak keluar masuk untuk mengatur tekanan udara di dalam agar seimbang dengan tekanan di luar.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 1.5em; max-width: 100%; padding: 4px; position: relative; table-layout: fixed; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; width: 645px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqEF8tA8S6BefVW4K11YXvkt9B6RMqHP0DKxPrRP6LBw_332_6SGtvkO0O-KJ3V5fFH4I6R5B37yTwxxPpGTZdAW1Wp3T-oZYVP_i-pifydWttqBPBLqLb3NlvRcOhV8TOsENRVVACtPDU/s1600/proses+mendengar+pada+telinga.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #3d85c6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px auto; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Jelaskan Mekanisme Proses Mendengar pada Manusia?" border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqEF8tA8S6BefVW4K11YXvkt9B6RMqHP0DKxPrRP6LBw_332_6SGtvkO0O-KJ3V5fFH4I6R5B37yTwxxPpGTZdAW1Wp3T-oZYVP_i-pifydWttqBPBLqLb3NlvRcOhV8TOsENRVVACtPDU/s640/proses+mendengar+pada+telinga.JPG" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Jelaskan Mekanisme Proses Mendengar pada Manusia?" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td class="tr-caption" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 11.2px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bagan: Mekanisme Proses Mendengar pada Manusia</td></tr>
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<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Bunyi yang dapat didengar oleh manusia adalah bila bunyi tersebut mempunyai frekuensi antara 20 - 20 000 getaran/ detik (Hz).</div>
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Sumber :<br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/QBJ589">https://goo.gl/images/QBJ589</a><br />
<a href="http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/jelaskan-mekanisme-proses-mendengar-pada-manusia.html">http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/jelaskan-mekanisme-proses-mendengar-pada-manusia.html</a>puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-84239359254836066522018-03-21T21:24:00.004-07:002018-03-21T21:24:48.728-07:00APA ITU BUNYI?<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for bunyi" height="269" src="http://rumusrumus.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/macam-gelombang-bunyi.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bunyi</span> merupakan getaran di dalam medium elastis pada frekuensi dan intensitas yang dapat didengar oleh telinga manusia. Bunyi termasuk gelombang mekanik, karena dalam perambatannya bunyi memerlukan medium perantara, yaitu udara. Ada tiga syarat agar terjadi bunyi. Syarat yang dimaksud yaitu<span id="more-299" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span> ada sumber bunyi, medium, dan pendengar.</div>
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Bunyi dihasilkan oleh <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">benda yang bergetar</span>, getaran itu merambat melalui medium menuju pendengar. Sama seperti gelombang lainnya, sumber gelombang bunyi merupakan benda yang bergetar. Energi dipindahkan dari sumber dalam bentuk gelombang bunyi. Selanjutnya, bunyi dideteksi oleh telinga. Oleh otak, bunyi diterjemahkan, dan kita bisa memberikan respon.</div>
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Misalnya, ketika kita mendengarkan suara lagu dari radio, kita meresponnya dengan ikut bernyanyi, atau sekadar menggoyangkan kaki. Gelombang bunyi merupakan gelombang longitudinal, yaitu gelombang yang terdiri atas partikel-partikel yang berosilasi searah dengan gerak gelombang tersebut, membentuk daerah bertekanan tinggi dan rendah (rapatan dan renggangan).</div>
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Gelombang bunyi dapat bergerak melalui <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">zat padat, zat cair, dan gas</span>, tetapi tidak bisa melalui vakum, karena di tempat vakum tidak ada partikel zat yang akan mentransmisikan getaran.</div>
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<a href="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-302" data-attachment-id="302" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Tabel Laju bunyi dalam medium" data-large-file="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg?w=700?w=436" data-medium-file="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg?w=700" data-orig-size="436,300" data-permalink="https://artikelnesia.com/2011/09/14/apa-itu-bunyi/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi/" sizes="(max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px" src="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg?w=700" srcset="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg 436w, https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg?w=150 150w, https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/tabel-cepat-rambat-bunyi.jpg?w=300 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 20px auto; max-width: 100%;" title="Tabel Laju bunyi dalam medium" /></a>Gambar : Laju Gelombang Bunyi dalam berbagai medium</div>
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Gelombang bunyi dibatasi oleh jangkauan frekuensi yang dapat merangsang telinga dan otak manusia kepada sensasi pendengaran. Jangkauan ini adalah 20 Hz sampai 20.000 Hz, di mana telinga manusia normal mampu mendengar suatu bunyi. Jangkauan frekuensi ini disebut audiosonik. Sebuah gelombang bunyi yang memiliki frekuensi di bawah 20 Hz dinamakan sebuah gelombang <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">infrasonik</span>. Sementara itu, bunyi yang memiliki frekuensi di atas 20.000 Hz disebut <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ultrasonik</span>.</div>
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Banyak hewan yang dapat mendengar bunyi yang frekuensinya di atas 20.000 Hz. Misalnya, kelelawar dapat mendeteksi bunyi yang frekuensinya sampai 100.000 Hz, dan anjing dapat mendengar bunyi setinggi 50.000 Hz.</div>
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<a href="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg" style="border: 0px; color: #117bb8; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-304" data-attachment-id="304" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Kalelawar mengeluarkan bunyi" data-large-file="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg?w=700?w=390" data-medium-file="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg?w=700?w=300" data-orig-file="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg?w=700" data-orig-size="390,286" data-permalink="https://artikelnesia.com/2011/09/14/apa-itu-bunyi/sonar-15482647_std/" sizes="(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px" src="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg?w=700" srcset="https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg 390w, https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg?w=150 150w, https://pustakafisika.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/sonar-15482647_std.jpg?w=300 300w" style="border: 0px; clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 20px auto; max-width: 100%;" title="Kalelawar mengeluarkan bunyi" /></a>Gambar : Kalelawar memanfaatkan bunyi untuk mencari mangsa</div>
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Kelelawar menggunakan <span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ultrasonik</span> sebagai alat penyuara gema untuk terbang dan berburu. Kelelawar mengeluarkan decitan yang sangat tinggi dan menggunakan telinganya yang besar untuk menangkap mangsanya. Gema itu memberitahu kelelawar mengenai lokasi mangsanya atau rintangan di depannya (misalnya pohon atau dinding gua).</div>
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Sumber ;<br />
<a href="https://artikelnesia.com/2011/09/14/apa-itu-bunyi/">https://artikelnesia.com/2011/09/14/apa-itu-bunyi/</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/ejf7cu">https://goo.gl/images/ejf7cu</a>puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-9316304018489833632018-03-21T21:21:00.003-07:002018-03-21T21:21:53.293-07:00IPA BAB 10, GELOMBANG<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Image result for gelombang" height="191" src="http://rumusrumus.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Pengertian-Gelombang.png" width="320" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A. PENGERTIAN GELOMBANG<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang adalah gejala rambatan dari suatu getaran/usikan. Gelombang akan terus terjadi apabila sumber getaran ini bergetar terus menerus. Gelombang membawa energi dari satu tempat ke tempat lainnya. Contoh sederhana gelombang, apabila kita mengikatkan satu ujung tali ke tiang, dan satu ujung talinya lagi digoyangkan, maka akan terbentuk banyak bukit dan lembah di tali yang digoyangkan tadi, inilah yang disebut gelombang.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: #f2f6c1; background-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(center center, ellipse cover, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1) 90%), -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(top, transparent 0%, transparent 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 25px); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: cursive; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 24px 20px 24px 45px; position: relative; quotes: none; text-align: justify; text-shadow: white 0px 1px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kesimpulan</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang = Gejala rambatan dari suatu getaran.</span></blockquote>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">B. MACAM-MACAM GELOMBANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1. Berdasarkan Mediumnya Gelombang dibagi dua, yaitu :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Gelombang Mekanik<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang mekanik adalah gelombang yang dalam proses perambatannya memerlukan medium (zat perantara) . Artinya jika tidak ada medium, maka gelombang tidak akan terjadi. Contohnya adalah Gelombang Bunyi yang zat perantaranya udara, jadi jika tidak ada udara bunyi tidak akan terdengar.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Gelombang Elektromagnetik<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang Elektromagnetik adalah gelombang yang dalam proses perambatannya tidak memerlukan medium (zat perantara). Artinya gelombang ini bisa merambat dalam keadaan bagaimanapun tanpa memerlukan medium. Contohnya adalah gelombang cahaya yang terus ada dan tidak memerlukan zat perantara.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://softilmu.blogspot.com/2015/12/pengertian-dan-fungsi-cahaya.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"></a></span><blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: #f2f6c1; background-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(center center, ellipse cover, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1) 90%), -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(top, transparent 0%, transparent 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 25px); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: cursive; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 24px 20px 24px 45px; position: relative; quotes: none; text-shadow: white 0px 1px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://softilmu.blogspot.com/2015/12/pengertian-dan-fungsi-cahaya.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Artikel Penunjang : Pengertian dan Fungsi Cahaya</a></span></blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="background-color: #f2f6c1; background-image: -webkit-radial-gradient(center center, ellipse cover, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0) 0%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1) 90%), -webkit-repeating-linear-gradient(top, transparent 0%, transparent 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 24px, rgba(239, 207, 173, 0.7) 25px); border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: cursive; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px auto; padding: 24px 20px 24px 45px; position: relative; quotes: none; text-shadow: white 0px 1px 1px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://softilmu.blogspot.com/2015/12/sifat-sifat-cahaya.html" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;">Artikel Penunjang : Sifat SifatCahaya</a></span></blockquote>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2. Berdasarkan Arah Getar dan Arah Rambatnya, Gelombang dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu :</b><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Gelombang Transversal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang Transversal adalah gelombang yang arah getarnya tegak lurus dengan arah rambatannya. Bentuk Getarannya berupa lembah dan bukit (dapat dilihat pada gambar di bawah).<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1RXjKFOWqwv6eH6b2xZlynbAsSIKJj6d5OYzrzjMq6VsihMGRn7AfxcgaN-8TxlYgupQ-8sYUrI8K9gi9ru2ciG7rK4Hd6AnkTK41UwzqjTmsSGV5nErAFGxXWQ5iGldfPMOhi3fnYEY/s1600/Gelombang+Transversal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="195" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1RXjKFOWqwv6eH6b2xZlynbAsSIKJj6d5OYzrzjMq6VsihMGRn7AfxcgaN-8TxlYgupQ-8sYUrI8K9gi9ru2ciG7rK4Hd6AnkTK41UwzqjTmsSGV5nErAFGxXWQ5iGldfPMOhi3fnYEY/s400/Gelombang+Transversal.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1RXjKFOWqwv6eH6b2xZlynbAsSIKJj6d5OYzrzjMq6VsihMGRn7AfxcgaN-8TxlYgupQ-8sYUrI8K9gi9ru2ciG7rK4Hd6AnkTK41UwzqjTmsSGV5nErAFGxXWQ5iGldfPMOhi3fnYEY/s400/Gelombang+Transversal.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan gambar di atas dapat saya jelaskan bahwa :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arah rambat gelombang di atas adalah ke kiri dan ke kanan, sedangkan arah getarnya adalah ke atas dan ke bawah. Jadi itulah yang dimaksud arah rambat tegak lurus dengan arah getarnya. Contohnya adalah gelombang pada tali yang saya contohkan di atas.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Gelombang Longitudinal<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang longitudinal adalah gelombang yang arah rambatnya sejajar dengan arah getarannya. Bentuk getarannya berupa rapatan dan renggangan (Dapat dilihat pada gambar di bawah).<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVwgyZ2DPWAPwmyXqGiqt7H4mHVR4f5eM05k4W2mTEdTqXHxLiGAbe7mKYpOI61aBkBu8RFZ8vuABBaLSBozxJXvA26_oi2yrbRXRufHxniudYBIYh2qaLqSuiUxTbWT6OyprytkEtd9M/s1600/Gelombang+Longitudinal.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="277" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVwgyZ2DPWAPwmyXqGiqt7H4mHVR4f5eM05k4W2mTEdTqXHxLiGAbe7mKYpOI61aBkBu8RFZ8vuABBaLSBozxJXvA26_oi2yrbRXRufHxniudYBIYh2qaLqSuiUxTbWT6OyprytkEtd9M/s320/Gelombang+Longitudinal.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVwgyZ2DPWAPwmyXqGiqt7H4mHVR4f5eM05k4W2mTEdTqXHxLiGAbe7mKYpOI61aBkBu8RFZ8vuABBaLSBozxJXvA26_oi2yrbRXRufHxniudYBIYh2qaLqSuiUxTbWT6OyprytkEtd9M/s320/Gelombang+Longitudinal.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Berdasarkan gambar kita ketahui bahwa :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Arah rambat gelombangnya ke kiri dan ke kanan, dan arah getarnya ke kiri dan ke kanan pula. Oleh karena itu gelombang ini adalah gelombang longitudinal yang arah getar dan arah rambatnya sejajar. Contoh gelombang ini adalah Gelombang bunyi, di udara yang dirambati gelombang ini akan terjadi rapatan dan renggangan pada molekul-molekulnya, dan saat ada rambatan molekul-molekul ini juga bergetar. Akan tetapi getaranya hanya sebatas gerak maju mundur dan tetap di titik keseimbang, sehingga tidak membentuk bukit dan lembah.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3. Berdasarkan Amplitudonya(simpangan terjauh) Gelombang juga dibagi menjadi dua :</b><o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Gelombang Berjalan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang berjalan adalah gelombang yang amplitudonya tetap pada setiap titik yang dilalui gelombang, misalnya gelombang pada tali.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Gelombang diam<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang diam adalah gelombang yang amplitudonya berubah, misalnya gelombang pada senar gitar yang dipetik.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">C. SIFAT-SIFAT GELOMBANG<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Dipantulkan (Refleksi)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tentunya sahabat sudah sangat mengerti tentang pemantulan ini, jadi secara garis besar saya rasa kita sudah sepaham.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dalam pemantulan gelombang berlaku hukum pemantulan gelombang, yaitu :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Besar sudut datangnya gelombang sama dengan sudut pantul gelombang.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang datang, gelombang pantul, dan garis normal terletak pada satu bidang datar.</span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZrHW2K3bWnK9htnuw2tWjk_atxXYNxD83elqVYKb7U4OIfRFy4nXjVO1VS5xLZsgDR02oTliMSdSBQAthccu_xC_eEb66Q5o5fxhhyphenhyphenpkFMKlI7Nz9KvUUlS7WW2gWzv2_wsrbtAg_w-Q/s1600/refleksi+gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="238" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZrHW2K3bWnK9htnuw2tWjk_atxXYNxD83elqVYKb7U4OIfRFy4nXjVO1VS5xLZsgDR02oTliMSdSBQAthccu_xC_eEb66Q5o5fxhhyphenhyphenpkFMKlI7Nz9KvUUlS7WW2gWzv2_wsrbtAg_w-Q/s320/refleksi+gelombang.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZrHW2K3bWnK9htnuw2tWjk_atxXYNxD83elqVYKb7U4OIfRFy4nXjVO1VS5xLZsgDR02oTliMSdSBQAthccu_xC_eEb66Q5o5fxhhyphenhyphenpkFMKlI7Nz9KvUUlS7WW2gWzv2_wsrbtAg_w-Q/s320/refleksi+gelombang.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="320" /></a></div>
<br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Dibiaskan (refraksi)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pembiasan gelombang adalah pembelokan arah rambat gelombang karena melalui medium yang berbeda kerapatannya.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3y_HAgwiua6EZpJASJAE7hKTC4lcVfy-DUVYxKckE7vEhyphenhyphenEdJWsR-je9SZJDfjvMDPINlhlAioQiiunIOGGzvZiTF-oHUkxT62kyMGHkMK0elFfkXDD9qbQUlzwchtPXerEtzu6n9aIQ/s1600/Pembiasan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="200" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3y_HAgwiua6EZpJASJAE7hKTC4lcVfy-DUVYxKckE7vEhyphenhyphenEdJWsR-je9SZJDfjvMDPINlhlAioQiiunIOGGzvZiTF-oHUkxT62kyMGHkMK0elFfkXDD9qbQUlzwchtPXerEtzu6n9aIQ/s200/Pembiasan.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3y_HAgwiua6EZpJASJAE7hKTC4lcVfy-DUVYxKckE7vEhyphenhyphenEdJWsR-je9SZJDfjvMDPINlhlAioQiiunIOGGzvZiTF-oHUkxT62kyMGHkMK0elFfkXDD9qbQUlzwchtPXerEtzu6n9aIQ/s200/Pembiasan.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="198" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Dipadukan (interferensi)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Perpaduan gelombang terjadi apabila terdapat gelombang dengan frekuensi dan beda fase saling bertemu. Hasil interferensi gelombang akan ada 2, yaitu konstruktif (saling menguatkan) dan destruktif (saling melemahkan). Interferensi Konstruktif terjadi saat 2 gelombang bertemu pada fase yang sama, sedangkan interferensi destruktif terjadi saat 2 gelombang bertemu pada fase yang berlawanan.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaxIxv3InRV7o64JHNJ41N496NHYVNNAKPrF3ApZxsAxZMyniGK0scXHXeXkds9HDuh1CJ6UwEzrBvjl-WnbD2XYh8eC1uyAD8zNcGZf5gghxK4l_nXQ1lMyxP7F78qr_AIMvfMLtXz8/s1600/interferensi+gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="320" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaxIxv3InRV7o64JHNJ41N496NHYVNNAKPrF3ApZxsAxZMyniGK0scXHXeXkds9HDuh1CJ6UwEzrBvjl-WnbD2XYh8eC1uyAD8zNcGZf5gghxK4l_nXQ1lMyxP7F78qr_AIMvfMLtXz8/s320/interferensi+gelombang.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZaxIxv3InRV7o64JHNJ41N496NHYVNNAKPrF3ApZxsAxZMyniGK0scXHXeXkds9HDuh1CJ6UwEzrBvjl-WnbD2XYh8eC1uyAD8zNcGZf5gghxK4l_nXQ1lMyxP7F78qr_AIMvfMLtXz8/s320/interferensi+gelombang.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="295" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Dibelokkan/disebarkan (Difraksi)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Difraksi gelombang adalah pembelokkan/penyebaran gelombang jika gelombang tersebut melalui celah. Geja difraksi akan semakin tampak jelas apabila celah yang dilewati semakin sempit. <o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div class="separator" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTCSf5tGdi0PEgASYyYe_NUST-E90ZW8LCWUr0hngcZchLyD1IcSLm172rOgaREkWrQkppKjLXCOtYT-ByG6NDRk9FogJcpW8uYkQL8yW5jB7rZpnP6A7uF_CfOAxZRfaGCmB8HPhmPfU/s1600/difraksi+gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTCSf5tGdi0PEgASYyYe_NUST-E90ZW8LCWUr0hngcZchLyD1IcSLm172rOgaREkWrQkppKjLXCOtYT-ByG6NDRk9FogJcpW8uYkQL8yW5jB7rZpnP6A7uF_CfOAxZRfaGCmB8HPhmPfU/s1600/difraksi+gelombang.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTCSf5tGdi0PEgASYyYe_NUST-E90ZW8LCWUr0hngcZchLyD1IcSLm172rOgaREkWrQkppKjLXCOtYT-ByG6NDRk9FogJcpW8uYkQL8yW5jB7rZpnP6A7uF_CfOAxZRfaGCmB8HPhmPfU/s1600/difraksi+gelombang.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></div>
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">e. Dispersi Gelombang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dispersi adalah penyebaran bentuk gelombang ketika merambat melalui suatu medium. Dispersi <i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tidak akan terjadi pada gelombang bunyi yang merambat melalui udara atau ruang hampa</i>. Medium yang dapat mempertahankan bentuk gelombang tersebut disebut medium nondispersi.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f. Dispolarisasi (diserap arah getarnya)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Polarisasi adalah peristiwa terserapnya sebagian arah getar gelombang sehingga hanya tinggal memiliki satu arah saja. Polarisasi hanya akan terjadi pada gelombang transversal, karena arah gelombang sesuai dengan arah polarisasi, dan sebaliknya, akan terserap jika arah gelombang tidak sesuai dengan arah polarisasi celah tersebut.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEideFjDmm5TSuOg0pq9n_4vc43KabOoZF3vjyfoHt6tCOMoOMp4qoC17-U9rjzzSQ08D2-HtJk3lZQzHsmHFUmxNy661sHb3NSY9pFXW8XLNYJpRJTE4INeMdsu87aqx-QDni3wfsZQlH0/s1600/Polarisasi+gelombang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #138be6; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.3s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="116" original="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEideFjDmm5TSuOg0pq9n_4vc43KabOoZF3vjyfoHt6tCOMoOMp4qoC17-U9rjzzSQ08D2-HtJk3lZQzHsmHFUmxNy661sHb3NSY9pFXW8XLNYJpRJTE4INeMdsu87aqx-QDni3wfsZQlH0/s200/Polarisasi+gelombang.jpg" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEideFjDmm5TSuOg0pq9n_4vc43KabOoZF3vjyfoHt6tCOMoOMp4qoC17-U9rjzzSQ08D2-HtJk3lZQzHsmHFUmxNy661sHb3NSY9pFXW8XLNYJpRJTE4INeMdsu87aqx-QDni3wfsZQlH0/s200/Polarisasi+gelombang.jpg" style="background: rgb(250, 250, 250); border: 0px none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 2px; max-width: 100%; opacity: 1; outline: none; padding: 0px; transition: all 0.6s ease; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">E. PEMANFAATAN GELOMBANG<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sangat banyak pemanfaatan dari gelombang dengan mempertimbangkan berbagai sifat gelombang yang ada di sekitar kita. Beberapa diantaranya adalah<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang TV dan Radio untuk komunikasi.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang Micro yang dimanfaatkan untuk memasak makanan atau yang kita kenal dengan microwave</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang bunyi yang sangat membantu bidang kesehatan, yaitu Ultrasonik pada peralatan USG untuk memeriksa ada tidaknya penyakit.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Referensi :<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 30px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
</div>
<ul style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1.5em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Kanginan, Marthen. 2011. PHYSICS for Senior High School Bilingual. Jakarta : Erlangga.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Alfatah, Arif. 2009. Bahas Tuntas 1001 Soal Fisika. Yogyakarta : Pustaka Widyatama.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Suryatin, Budi. 2011. Fisika Untuk Kelas VII. Grasindo.</span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.5pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">Setiono, Budi. 2011. Bahas Total. Jakarta Selatan : KAWAHmedia. </span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16.6667px;"><a href="http://www.softilmu.com/2014/08/pengertian-dan-macam-macam-gelombang.html">http://www.softilmu.com/2014/08/pengertian-dan-macam-macam-gelombang.html</a></span></span></span></li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; list-style-type: square; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 33.3333px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 2em; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Roboto, sans-serif;"><a href="https://goo.gl/images/ZKRabx">https://goo.gl/images/ZKRabx</a></span></span></li>
</ul>
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<br />puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-54978145299752592282018-03-21T21:18:00.000-07:002018-03-21T21:18:18.665-07:00GETARAN<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for getaran" height="181" src="http://www.sumberpengertian.co/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Getaran.png" width="320" /></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>a. </strong><strong>Definisi Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Getaran adalah gerak bolak – bolik secara berkala melalui suatu titik keseimbangan. Pada umumnya setiap benda dapat melakukan getaran. Suatu benda dikatakan bergetar bila benda itu bergerak bolak bolik secara berkala melalui titik keseimbangan.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="ayunan movie" class="size-full wp-image-283 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="283" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="ayunan movie" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468?w=190" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468?w=190" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="190,300" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/ayunan-movie/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/ayunan-movie.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="ayunan movie" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="pendulum" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-282" data-attachment-id="282" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="pendulum" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468?w=179" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468?w=179" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="179,179" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/pendulum/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/pendulum.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="pendulum" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><span style="font-family: Technical;">Getaran adalah gerak bolak – balik di sekitar titik setimbang;</span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><span style="font-family: Technical;">2 = titik setimbang ; 1 dan 3 = titik terjauh (Amplitudo);</span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>b. </strong><strong>Beberapa Contoh Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Beberapa contoh getaran yang dapat kita jumpai dalam kehidupan sehari – hari antara lain :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>– sinar gitar yang dipetik</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– <em>bandul jam dinding yang sedang bergoyang</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="jam dinding" class="size-full wp-image-292 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="292" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="jam dinding" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468?w=121" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468?w=121" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="121,121" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/images/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/images.jpg?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="jam dinding" /></a></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– <em>ayunan anak-anak yang sedang dimainkan</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em>– mistar plastik yang dijepit pada salah satu ujungnya, lalu ujung lain diberi simpangan dengan cara menariknya, kemudian dilepaskan tarikannya.</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="img_mid_4430" class="size-full wp-image-281 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="281" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="img_mid_4430" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468?w=468" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468?w=300" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="526,171" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/img_mid_4430/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_mid_4430.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="img_mid_4430" /></a></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Wingdings;">– <span style="font-family: "";"></span></span><em><span style="color: black;">Pegas yang diberi beban.</span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<em><span style="color: black;"><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="ayunan" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-280" data-attachment-id="280" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="ayunan" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468?w=188" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468?w=182" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="188,310" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/img_tb_4429/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/img_tb_4429.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="ayunan" /></a><a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="Coil_spring_animation" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-330" data-attachment-id="330" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="Coil_spring_animation" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468?w=197" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468?w=109" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468" data-orig-size="197,542" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/coil_spring_animation-2/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/coil_spring_animation1.gif?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="Coil_spring_animation" /></a></span></em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>2. </strong><strong>Periode dan Frekuensi Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Perhatikan gambar berikut ini!</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="definisi2" class="size-full wp-image-286 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="286" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="definisi2" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468?w=320" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468?w=300" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="320,281" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/definisi2/" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=468" srcset="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg 320w, https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=150 150w, https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/definisi2.jpg?w=300 300w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="definisi2" /></a></div>
<ul style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif;">
<li>titik A merupakan titik keseimbangan</li>
<li>simpangan terbesar terjauh bandul ( ditunjuk kan dengan jarak AB = AC ) disebut <strong>amplitudo</strong> getaran</li>
<li>jarak tempuh B – A – C – A – B disebut satu getaran penuh</li>
</ul>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>a. </strong><strong>Amplitudo</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Dalam gambar 2 telah disebutkan bahwa amplitudo adalah simpangan terbesar dihitung dari kedudukan seimbang. Amplitudo diberi simbol <strong>A</strong>, dengan satuan <strong>meter.</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>b. </strong><strong>Periode Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Periode getaran adalah waktu yang digunakan dalam satu getaran dan diberi simbol <strong>T</strong>. Untuk gambar ayunan di atas, jika waktu yang diperlukan oleh bandul untuk bergerak dari B ke A, ke C, ke A, dan kembali ke B adalah 0,2 detik, maka periode getaran bandul tersebut 0,2 detik atau T = 0,2 detik = 0,2 s</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<em>Periode suatu getaran tidak tergantung pada amplitudo getaran.</em></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
<strong>c. </strong><strong>Frekuensi Getaran</strong></div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
Frekuensi getaran adalah jumlah getaran yang dilakukan oleh sistem dalam satu detik, diberi simbol <em>f</em>. Untuk sistem ayunan bandul di atas, jika dalam waktu yang diperlukan oleh bandul untuk bergerak dari B ke A, A ke C, C ke A, dan kembali ke B sama dengan 0,2 detik, maka :</div>
<div style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Georgia, sans-serif; padding: 10px 0px 0px;">
– dalam waktu 0,2 detik bandul menjalani satu getaran penuh</div>
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– dalam waktu 1 detik bandul menjalani 5 kali getaran penuh</div>
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Dikatakan bahwa frekuensi getaran sistem bandul tersebut adalah 5 getaran/detik atau <strong><em>f</em></strong> = 5 <strong>Hz</strong>.</div>
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<strong>d. </strong><strong>Hubungan antara Periode dan Frekuensi Getaran</strong></div>
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Dari definisi periode dan frekuensi getaran di atas, diperoleh hubungan :</div>
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<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="rumus1" class="size-full wp-image-287 aligncenter" data-attachment-id="287" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="rumus1" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468?w=201" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468?w=201" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="201,58" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/rumus1/" sizes="(max-width: 201px) 100vw, 201px" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=468" srcset="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg 201w, https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/rumus1.jpg?w=150 150w" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 4px;" title="rumus1" /></a></div>
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Keterangan :</div>
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T = periode, satuannya detik atau sekon</div>
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<strong><em>f</em></strong> = frekuensi getaran, satuannya 1/detik atau s<sup>-1</sup> atau <em>Hz</em></div>
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<em></em></div>
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<em>Contoh Soal </em>:</div>
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1. Dalam 1 sekon, lintasan yang ditempuh beban pada Gambar 1 adalah 2-1-3-1-2-1-3. Berapakah frekuensi dan periode getaran tersebut?</div>
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<em>Penyelesaian :</em></div>
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Jumlah getaran yang terjadi adalah 1,5 getaran. Waktu untuk menempuh 1,5 getaran adalah 1 sekon. Jadi frekuensi <em>f</em> = 1,5 getaran / sekon = 1,5 Hz. Dan periode T :</div>
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<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="soal1" class="size-full wp-image-288 alignleft" data-attachment-id="288" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="soal1" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468?w=112" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468?w=112" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="112,45" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/soal1/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal1.jpg?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); float: left; margin: 5px 10px 0px 0px; padding: 4px;" title="soal1" /></a></div>
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Jadi waktu yang diperlukan untuk menempuh satu getaran penuh adalah 0,67 sekon.</div>
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2. Pada selang waktu 2 sekon terjadi gerakan bolak – balik sebanyak 10 kali. Tentukanlah frekuensi dan periodenya.</div>
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<em>Penyelesaian :</em></div>
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Dalam 2 sekon terjadi 10 getaran. Berarti dalam 1 sekon terjadi 5 getaran, sehinga frekuensi <em>f</em> = 5 Hz, dan<br />periode T :</div>
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<a href="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg" style="color: #105cb6;"><img alt="soal2" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-289" data-attachment-id="289" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="soal2" data-large-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468?w=103" data-medium-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468?w=103" data-orig-file="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468" data-orig-size="103,48" data-permalink="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/soal2/" src="https://arifkristanta.files.wordpress.com/2009/07/soal2.jpg?w=468" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 4px;" title="soal2" /></a></div>
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Sumber :<br />
<a href="https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/">https://arifkristanta.wordpress.com/belajar-online/getaran/</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/tWeaBZ">https://goo.gl/images/tWeaBZ</a>puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-90098561560927417482018-02-28T21:32:00.000-08:002018-02-28T21:32:02.100-08:00Masalah dalam Sistem Ekskresi<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #141412; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for sistem ekskresi" height="194" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr0rVBE4STcMdcQdVkMC9sSYqWWvpki81qD2VAMDsWl7dRkzlpp3CUI6pEn7JF1Z991-W2L5Y-I_v2j3K8_oMWHdfT24rXRMrdpy7-vWNx4kTpjeAecaYdRi7xDEUKQ4pK42kLKAgD_FA/s320/%2523sistem+ekskresi+manusia.jpg" style="background-color: transparent;" width="320" /></div>
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Proses Eksresi pada manusia dilakukan oleh alat-alat atau organ yang memiliki fungsi sama dalam sistem eksresi. Proses metabolisme selalu berlangsung di dalam tubuh mahluk hidup. Proses metabolisme menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa yang berguna didalam tubuh. Selain menghasilkan senyawa yang bermanfaat bagi tubuh, metabolisme juga menghasilkan senyawa-senyawa sisa yang tidak berguna bagi tubuh. Senyawa-senyawa yang tidak berguna di dalam tubuh harus dikeluarkan oleh tubuh, karena bersifat racun dan membahayakan tubuh.</div>
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<ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-3827244624053297" data-ad-slot="7930230962" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background: rgb(255, 249, 192); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; height: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; width: 300px;"><ins id="aswift_1_expand" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-table; height: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; visibility: visible; width: 300px;"><ins id="aswift_1_anchor" style="background: transparent; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none; transition: opacity 1s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1), width 0.2s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1) 0.3s, height 0.5s cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1); visibility: visible; width: 300px;"><iframe allowfullscreen="true" allowtransparency="true" frameborder="0" height="250" hspace="0" id="aswift_1" marginheight="0" marginwidth="0" name="aswift_1" scrolling="no" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 250px; left: 0px; max-width: 100%; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 300px;" vspace="0" width="300"></iframe></ins></ins></ins></div>
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Proses pengeluaran zat tubuh ini dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu defekasi, ekskresi, dan sekresi.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">Defekasi,</span> yaitu proses pengeluaran sisa-sisa hasil pencernaan makanan yan berupa feses atau tinaja dan akan dikeluarkan melalui anus.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">Ekskresi</span> yaitu, proses pegeluaran zat sisa metabolisme yang tidak dipakai lagi dan dikeluarkan bersama urine, keringat dan pernapasan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">Sekresi,</span> yaitu proses pengeluaran getah oleh sel-sel dan kelenjar. Getah yang dikeluarkan masih berguna bagi tubuh, yaitu enzim dan hormon.</li>
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Alat Ekskresi pada Manusia</h2>
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Proses pengeluaran zat-zat sisa akan dilakukan oleh beberapa organ tubuh yang mempunyai fungsi sama dalam sistem ekskresi. Adapun 4 macam alat ekskresi pada manusia adalah paru-paru, ginjal, hati, dan kulit.</div>
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1. Paru-paru (pulmo)</h3>
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<img alt="Image result for sistem ekskresi paru-paru" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtI2MVKWrURV33StHOdnW5JvGp9HwE2VgdUEmEZz1Vo89WxRfmmqfqIR62OtYnNbPmHsIL8hbKyBGzGKMH2ZgJZi1RqdQokQc-JFJPGFAd-j4tDPY3rRmvVTmBvPgGleRdryWVqN-yCbc/s320/Paru-paru.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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Karbon dioksida dan air sebagai hasil dari metabolisme karbohidrat dan lemak. Karbon dioksida dan air dikeluarkan dari sel dan jaringan tubuh dan masuk ke dalam alira darah. Didalam paru-paru karbon dioksida akan dilepas dan oksigen akan diikat oleh darah.</div>
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Selanjutnya karbon dioksida akan dikeluarkan melalui rongga hidung. Demikia juga air akan dikeluarka paru-paru dalam bentuk uap air. Secara singkat proses tersebu adalah: Zat-zat sisa CO2 + air → darah → paru-paru → keluar melalui rongga hidung dalam bentuk gas dan uap air.</div>
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2. Ginjal (Renal)</h3>
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[adsense]Ginjal merupakan alat ekskresi yang paing utama dan paling penting. Ginjal berjumlah sepasang berbentuk kacang ercis. Ginjal terletak di dalam rongga perut disebelah kanan dan kiri tulang pinggang.</div>
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Kedudukan ginjal sebelah kiri lebih tinggi daripada ginjal sebelah kanan. Ginjal manusia mempunyai ukuran panjang 10 – 13 cm (4 – 5 inci), lebarnya 5 – 7,5 cm (2 – 3 inci), dan beratnya ± 150 gram (0,5% berat tubuh).</div>
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a. Struktur ginjal</h4>
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Ginjal terdiri dari 3 bagian utama, yaitu bagian luar disebut korteks atau kulit ginjal, dibawahnya ada medula atau sumsum ginjal, dan dibagian dalam berupa rongga yang disebut pelvis renalis atau rongga ginjal.</div>
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Pada bagian korteks memiliki unit struktural dan fungsional terkecil yang disebut nefron. Korteks mengandung jutaan nefron. Nefron berfungsi sebagai penyaring darah. Tiap nefron terdiri dari badan Malphigi dan tubulus. Tiap badan Malphigi terdiri atas glomerulus dan kapsula bowman.</div>
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Glomerulus merupakan anyaman pembuluh-pembuluh darah kapiler, yang dindingnya berhubungan dengan kapsula bowman. Kapsula bowman berbentuk seperti mangkuk yang merupakan selaput pembungkus glomerulus. Pada tubulus mempunyai ukuran panjang.</div>
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Panjang saluran tubulus pada orang dewasa sekitar 7,5 km sampai 15 km terdiri dari tubulus kontortus proksima, tubulus kontortus distal, dan tubulus kolektivius. Ketiga tubulus tersebut dihubungkan oleh lengkung Henle. Lenkung Henle terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu lengkung Henle Naik (asedens) dan Lengkung Henle turun (desendens).</div>
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Pada bagian medula ginjal mengandung banyak pembuluh/tubulus pengumpul yang bermuara pada tonjolan/papila di ruang ginjal (pelvis renalis). Pada masing-masing ginjal dilengkapi saluran yang disebut ureter, yang berfungsi menyalurkan urine ke kantung kemih (vesica urinaria). Dalam kantung kemih urine ditampung sementara untuk selanjutnya dikeluarkan bersama uretra.</div>
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b. Fungsi ginjal</h4>
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Fungsi utama ginjal adalah menyaring darah. Darah yang disaring ginjal sebanyak ± 1.500 liter. Zat-zat yang tidak terpakai atau bersifat racun hasil penyaringan darah akan dibuang oleh ginjal berupa urine.</div>
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Urine yang dihasilkan dalam waktu satu hari ± 1,5 liter. Selain berfungsi menyaring darah, ginjal juga mempunyai fungsi sebagai berikut:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengekskresikan zat-zat yang mengandung nitrogen, misalnya amonia, urea dan asam urat.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengekskresikan zat yang berlebih misalnya, vitamin yang larut dalam air.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mempertahankan keseimbangan asam-basa darah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mempertahankan cairan ekstraseluler dengan mengeluarkan kelebihan air didalam tubuh.</li>
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c. Proses yang terjadi didalam ginjal</h4>
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Proses yang terjadi didalam ginjal merupakan proses pembantu urine yang meliputi tiga tahapan, yaitu:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">Filtrasi</span> adalah proses penyaringan darah pada bagian glomelurus. Hasil penyaringan disebut filtrat glomerulus atau urine primer yang masih mengandung air, glukosa, protein/asam amino, dan urea.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">Reabsorbsi</span> ialah proses penyerapan kembali zat-zat yang masih berguna, misalnya air, glukosa, asam amino, dan beberapa garam mineral. Proses ini terjadi pada tubulus kontortus proksimal. Hasil reabsorbsi berupa urine sekunder.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">Argumentasi</span> adalah proses penambahan zat-zat terkandung dala urine sesungguhnya adalah air, urea, asam urat, amonia, garam mineral, zat warna empedu, dan zat yang jumlahanya berlebihan, misalnya vitamin dan obat-obatan. Proses ini terjadi di tubulus kontortus distal.</li>
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Jumlah urine yang dihasilkan sangat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal, antara lain:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jumlah air yang diminum</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Banyaknya garam yang harus dikeluarkan agar tekanan darah osmosis tetap</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hormon antidiuretika (ADH), hormon ini dihasilkan oleh kelenjar hipofisis posterior. Fungsi hormon ADH mempengaruhi penyerapan air oleh dinding tubulus. Jika kekurangan ADH, jumlah urine meningkat 20 – 30 kali dinamakan Diabetes insipidus.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Saraf, rangsangan saraf renalis menyebabkan duktus aferent menyempit, maka alirah ke glomerulus berkurang, tekanan darah berkurang akibatnya filtrasi kurang efektif.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pada penderita diabetes melitus (kurang hormon insulin), sehingga pengeluaran glukosa diikuti dengan kenaikan volume urine.</li>
</ul>
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Urine normal memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jumlah rata-rata 1 – 2 liter sehari</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Warna bening orange pucat.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Baunya tajam, dan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Reaksi sedkit asam (pH = 6)</li>
</ul>
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Urine ditampung dalam vesica urinaria (kandung kemih) ± 300 cc. Pengeluaran urine diatur oleh otot sfinker. Zat-zat yang terkandung dalam urine dapat diuji dengan cara:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Klor, urine ditetesi AgNO3 5%</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Glukosa, urine ditetesi larutan bennedict (fehling A dan B) dan dipanaskan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Protein, urine ditetesi larutan NaOH 10% kemudian larutan CuSO4 1%</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Amonia, urine dipanaskan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">pH, dengan memasukan kertas indikator universal pada urine.</li>
</ul>
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3. Hati (Hepar)</h3>
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Hati berperan sebagai kelenjar pencernaan dan sebagai alat ekskresi. Adapun fungsi hati secara menyeluruh adalah:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menyimpan gula otot (glikogen)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tempat pembentukan dan pembongkara protein</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tempat pembentukan dan pembongkaran sel darah merah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tempat mengubah provitamin A menjadi vitamin A</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menetralkan racun dan diikat dalam pembentukan dan perombakan sel darah merah.</li>
</ul>
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Sel yang bertugas merombak sel darah merah disebut sel histiosit. Hemoglobin (Hb) dirombak menjadi hemin diubah menjadi zat warna empedu yang kemudian di oksidasi menjadi urobilin yang memberi warna pada urine dan feses.</div>
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Zat besi (Fe) dismpan di hati lalu, dikembalikan ke sumsum tulang. Globin dipergunakan lagi untuk pembentukan Hb yang baru.</div>
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4. Kulit (Integumen)</h3>
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Kulit merupakan bagian terluar dari tubuh yang hampir tiap waktu dapat terjadi kerusakan dan senantiasa juga mengalami perbaikan. Kulit berfungsi sebagai:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pelindung tubuh terhadap kerusaka fisik dari gesekan, sinar, kuman-kuman, zat kimia, panas dan lain-lain.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengurangi kehilangan air</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengatur suhu tubuh</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menerima rangsangan dari luar (indra peraba)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengekskresikan zat-zat sisa yang berupa keringat dan minyak, dan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tempat menyimpan cadangan makanan/lemak.</li>
</ul>
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Kulit secara anatomi tersusun atas bagian-bagian berikut ini:</div>
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a. Epidermis (bagian luar)</h4>
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Berikut ini lapisan yang tedapat pada epidermis kulit.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Starum korneum/lapisan tanduk, lapisan sel mati akan selalu mengelupas.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Starum lusidum, merupakan lapisan yang berwarna bening</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Stratum germintivum, yaitu lapisan yang selalu tumbuh membentuk sel-sel baru ke arah luar.</li>
</ul>
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b. Dermis (bagian dalam)</h4>
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Berikut ini lapisan yang terdapat pada dermis kulit.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">1) Kelenjar keringat</span> <span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">(glandula sudorifera)</span>, akan menghasilkan keringat. Fungsi kelenjar keringat, yaitu:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengeluarkan zat sisa metabolisme</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengatur keseimbangan air dan garam-garam mineral dan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengatur suhu tubuh</li>
</ul>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: red;">2) Kelenjar minyak (glandula sebasea)</span> Menghasilkan minyak. Fungsi kelenjar minyak antara lain.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mencegah kekeringan pada kulit</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menggerakan rambut dan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengerutkan kulit</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Akar rambut</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pembuluh darah</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Serabut saraf (indra peraba atau perasa)</li>
</ul>
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Keluarnya keringat terjadi pada saat suhu tubuh lingkungan tinggi. Suhu lingkungan tinggi/panas akan menyebabkan air (keringat) dikeluarkan melalui pembuluh permukaan kulit.</div>
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Kemudian, air menguap untuk menyerap panas tubuh, sehingga suhu tubuh tetap terjaga. Suhu lingkungan rendah/dingin maka pembuluh darah menyempit selanjutnya otot-otot polos akan berkontraksi menggerakan rambut yang menjadikan rambut akan tegak dan muncul sensasi menggigil.</div>
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Dalam kondisi normal, tubuh mengeluarkan keringat ± 50 cc/jam. Pengeluaran keringat dapat lebih atau kurang karena beberapa faktor, yaitu:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Aktivitas tubuh meningkat menjadikan keringat lebih banyak</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Suhu lingkungan tinggi menyebabkan banyak pengeluaran keringat banyak.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Goncangan emosi dapat menyebabkan pengeluaran keringat banyak.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rangsangan saraf simpatis karena emosi akan memperkecil pengeluaran keringat sebab terjadi penyempitan pembuluh darah dan kulit menjadi pucat (seperti wajah orang ketakutan).</li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: large;">GANGGUAN PADA SISTEM EKSKRESI MANUSIA</span></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">GANGGUAN PADA GINJAL</li>
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<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Batu ginjal</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Batu ginjal dapat terbentuk karena pengendapan </div>
<a name='more'></a>garam kalsium di dalam rongga ginjal, saluran ginjal, atau kandung kemih.<br />
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Batu ginjal berbentuk kristal yang tidak bisa larut dan mengandung kalsium oksalat, asam urat, dan kristal kalsium fosfat. Penyebabnya adalah karena terlalu banyak mengonsumsi garam mineral dan terlalu sedikit mengonsumsi air. Batu ginjal tersebut lebih lanjut dapat menimbulkan hidronefrosis. Hidronefrosis adalah membesarnya salah satu ginjal karena urine tidak dapat mengalir keluar. Hal itu akibat penyempitan aliran ginjal atau tersumbat oleh batu ginjal.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Perbanyaklah minum air putih agar air seni lancar. Ketika berada di ruangan ber-AC, Perbanyak minum air putih walaupaun tidak haus, Minumlah air putih minimal 8 gelas sehari.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari minum atau memasak menggunakan air yang kandungan kapurnya tinggi. Kapur di dalam tubuh bisa membentuk batu.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jika menderita penyakit gout dan hiperparatiroid segera atasi. Kedua penyakit itu meningkatkan resiko terbentuknya batu ginjal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Lakukan olahraga rutin dengan tujuan agar metabolisme di dalam tubuh berjalan dengan baik. Idealnya, lakukan olahraga dua hari sekali. Pilihlah jenis olahraga yang disukai dan lakukan sesuai kemampuan, jangan dipaksakan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jangan duduk terlalu lama saat bekerja. Posisi tersebut mempermudah terjadinya pengendapan Kristal air seni yang kemudian membentuk batu. Paling tidak, dua jam sekali bangkitlah dari duduk dan berjalan-jalan sebentar.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bila terasa ingin membuang air seni sebaiknya segera lakukan. Sangat tidak disarankan untuk menahan air seni, karena Kristal-kristal tersebut bisa mengendap membentuk batu ginjal.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari makanan yang mengandung kalsium tinggi, seperti susu dengan kalsium tinggi. Begitu juga dengan makanan yang mengandung purin tinggi, seperti jeroan, emping, dan brokoli. Dan kurangi konsumsi kacang-kacangan, cokelat, soda dan teh.</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Penyakit ini dapat diatasi dengan pembedahan dan sinar laser. Tujuan dari pembedahan untuk membuang endapan garam kalium. Tujuan menggunakan sinar laser untuk memecahkan endapan garam kalsium.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Nefritis</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Nefritis adalah kerusakan bagian glomerulus ginjal akibat alergi racun kuman. Nefritis biasanya disebabkan adanya bakteri Streptococcus. Rusaknya nefron mengakibatkan urine masuk kembali ke dalam darah dan penyerapan air menjadi terganggu sehingga timbul pembengkakan di daerah kaki.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Penderita nefritis bisa disembuhkan dengan cangkokan ginjal atau cuci darah secara rutin. Cuci darah biasanya dilakukan sampai penderita mendapatkan donor ginjal yang memiliki kesesuaian jaringan dengan organ penderita.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Glukosuria</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Glukosuria adalah penyakit yang ditandai adanya glukosa dalam urine. Penyakit tersebut sering juga disebut penyakit gula atau kencing manis (diabetes mellitus). Kadar glukosa dalam darah meningkat karena kekurangan hormon insulin. Nefron tidak mampu menyerap kembali kelebihan glukosa, sehingga kelebihan glukosa dibuang bersama urine.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kontrol kebiasaan makan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kendalikan berat badan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Olah raga secar teratur</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Kelola faktro resiko lain (hipertensi, kadar lemak darah, dll)</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bagi yang beresiko tinggi, periksa glukosa darah setiap tahun</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
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Bagi pasien Diabetes Melitus kendalikan kadar glukosa darah (dengan diet, olahraga & obat sesuai petunjuk dokter) dan periksa secara berkala. Pasien yang cukup terkendali dengan pengaturan makan saja tidak mengalami kesulitan kalau berpuasa. Pasien yang cukup terkendali dengan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obat">obat</a> dosis tunggal juga tidak mengalami kesulitan untuk <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puasa" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Puasa">berpuasa</a>. Obat diberikan pada saat berbuka puasa. Untuk yang terkendali dengan obat hipoglikemik oral (OHO) dosis tinggi, obat diberikan dengan dosis sebelum berbuka lebih besar daripada dosis <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahur&action=edit&redlink=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sahur (halaman belum tersedia)">sahur</a>. Untuk yang memakai insulin, dipakai insulin jangka menengah yang diberikan saat berbuka saja. Sedangkan pasien yang harus menggunakan insulin (DMTI) dosis ganda, dianjurkan untuk tidak berpuasa dalam <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadhan" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ramadhan">bulan Ramadhan</a>.</div>
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<b>Albuminuria</b></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">penyebab :</li>
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Albuminuria adalah penyakit yang ditunjukkan oleh adanya molekul albumin dan protein lain dalam urine. Penyebabnya karena adanya kerusakan pada alat filtrasi.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Untuk mengurangi resiko terjadinya albuminuria mungkin bisa dimulai dengan membiasakan diri minum 8 gelas sehari, walaupun sebetulnya tidak merasa haus.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Selain itu pencegahannya juga dapat dilakukan dengan tidak mengonsumsi hanya salah satu zat gizi saja secara berlebihan (misalnya hanya protein atau kalsium saja). Artinya makanan yang kita makan juga haru seimbang, baik dari segi jumlah maupun kadar gizinya.</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: #252137; font-family: Source Sans Pro, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /><b>Hematuria</b></span><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Hematuria adalah penyakit yang ditandai adanya sel darah merah dalam urine. Penyakit tersebut disebabkan adanya peradangan pada organ urinaria atau karena iritasi akibat gesekan batu ginjal.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Gagal ginjal</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Gagal ginjal terjadi jika salah satu ginjal tidak berfungsi. Kegagalan salah satu ginjal ini akan diambil alih tugasnya oleh ginjal lain. Namun, keadaan ini akan tetap menimbulkan resiko sangat tinggi. Karena menyebabkan penimbunan urea dalam tubuh dan kematian.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit ini dapat diatasi dengan cangkok ginjal atau menggunakan ginjal tiruan sampai ginjal yang asli dapat kembali berfungsi.</div>
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">B. </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">GANGGUAN PADA HATI</strong><b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Hepatitis</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for hepatitis" height="217" src="https://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/articles/health_tools/hepatitis_overview_slideshow/webmd_rf_photo_of_liver_and_hepatitis_virus.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Hepatitis adalah radang hati yang disebabkan oleh virus. Virus hepatitis ada beberapa macam, misalnya virus hepatitis A dan hepatitis B. Hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis B lebih berbahaya daripada hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis A.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hepatitis dapat dicegah dengan melakukan vaksinasi.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jarum untuk akupuntur atau tatto harus steril</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari pemakaian alat-alat secara bersamaan seperti cukur, sisir</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari aktivitas sex dengan berganti-ganti pasangan</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hindari mendapat donor darah yang tidak resmi</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">melalui kimiawi yang bertujuan untuk mematikan virus hepatitis</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">pengobatan suportif yang bertujuan untuk melindungi sel hati dan membantu pemulihan sel hati yang rusak</li>
</ol>
<span style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>Penyakit kuning</b></span><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit kuning disebabkan oleh tersumbatnya saluran empedu yang mengakibatkan cairan empedu tidak dapat dialirkan ke dalam usus dua belas jari, sehingga masuk ke dalam darah dan warna darah menjadi kuning. Kulit penderita tampak pucat kekuningan, bagian putih bola mata berwarna kekuningan, dan kuku jaripun berwarna kuning. Hal ini terjadi karena di seluruh tubuh terdapat pembuluh darah yang mengangkut darah berwarna kekuningan karena bercampur dengan cairan empedu.<strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"></strong></div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Sirosis hati</b><b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></b><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Sirosis hati adalah keadaan penyakit yang sudah lanjut dimana fungsi hati sudah sangat terganggu akibat banyaknya jaringan ikat di dalam hati. Sirosis hati dapat terjadi karena virus Hepatitis B dan C yang berkelanjutan, karena alkohol, salah gizi, atau karena penyakit lain yang menyebabkan sumbatan saluran empedu.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyembuhan :</li>
</ul>
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Sirosis tidak dapat disembuhkan, pengobatan dilakukan untuk mengobati komplikasi yang terjadi (seperti muntah dan berak darah, asites/perut membesar, mata kuning serta koma hepatikum).</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Perlemakan hati</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Perlemakan hati terjadi bila penimbunan lemak melebihi 5 % dari berat hati atau mengenai lebih dari separuh jaringan sel hati. Perlemakan hati ini sering berpotensi menjadi penyebab kerusakan hati dan sirosis hati. Kelainan ini dapat timbul karena mengkonsumsi alkohol berlebih disebut ASH (Alcoholic Steatohepatitis), maupun bukan karena alkohol disebut NASH (Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis).</div>
<span style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>Kanker hati</b></span><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Kanker hati terjadi apabila sel kanker berkembang pada jaringan hati. Kanker hati yang banyak terjadi adalah Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC merupakan komplikasi akhir yang serius dari hepatitis kronis, terutama sirosis yang terjadi karena virus hepatitis B, C dan hemochromatosis.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Koletasis dan jaundice</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Kolestasis merupakan keadaan akibat kegagalan memproduksi dan pengeluaran empedu. Lamanya menderita kolestasis dapat menyebabkan gagalnya penyerapan lemak dan vitamin A, D, E, K oleh usus, juga adanya penumpukan asam empedu, bilirubin dan kolesterol di hati. Adanya kelebihan bilirubin dalam sirkulasi darah dan penumpukan pigmen empedu pada kulit, membran mukosa dan bola mata disebut jaundice. Pada keadaan ini kulit penderita terlihat kuning, warna urin menjadi lebih gelap, sedangkan faeces lebih terang.</div>
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">C. </strong><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">GANGGUAN PADA PARU-PARU</strong><b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><br /></b></div>
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<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Asma</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Asma dikenal dengan bengek yang disebabkan oleh bronkospasme. Asma merupakan penyempitan saluran pernapasan utama pada paru-paru. Gejala penyakit ini ditandai dengan susah untuk bernapas atau sesak napas. Penyakit ini tidak menular dan bersifat menurun. Kondisi lingkungan yang udaranya tidak sehat atau telah tercemar akan memicu serangan asma.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Langkah tepat yang dapat dilakukan untuk menghindari serangan asma adalah menjauhi faktor-faktor penyebab yang memicu timbulnya serangan asma itu sendiri. Setiap penderita umumnya memiliki ciri khas tersendiri terhadap hal-hal yang menjadi pemicu serangan asmanya.</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit Asma (Asthma) sampai saat ini belum dapat diobati secara tuntas, ini artinya serangan asma dapat terjadi dikemudian hari. Penanganan dan pemberian obat-obatan kepada penderita asma adalah sebagai tindakan mengatasi serangan yang timbul yang mana disesuaikan dengan tingkat keparahan dari tanda dan gejala itu sendiri. Prinsip dasar penanganan serangan asma adalah dengan pemberian obat-obatan baik suntikan (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hydrocortisone</em>), syrup ventolin (<em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Salbutamol</em>) atau nebulizer (gas salbutamol) untuk membantu melonggarkan saluran pernafasan.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Tubrculosis (TBC)</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">TBC</strong> disebabkan oleh bakteri <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>. Penyakit ini dapat menular melalui percikan ludah saat penderita batuk.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menghindari kontak dengan penderita TBC.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tidak meggunakan peralatan terutama peralatan makn dengan penderita TBC.</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Pengobatan untuk TBC bila sudah diketahui sejak dini sebenarnya tidak terlalu mahal dan mudah untuk disembuhkan karena sudah ada obat yang disediakan pemerintah. Bila diperlukan, penderita TBC dapat juga dikarantina di tempat khusus agar tidak menularkan penyakitnya.Penyakit ini juga sebenarnya merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sudah ditaklukan, tetapi belakangan kembali menyerang. Salah satunya adalah karena penderita tuberkulosis ini tidak menghabiskan obat mereka. Obat harus diminum secara teratur selama 6 sampai 9 bulan untuk menyembuhkan penyakit ini. Tidak menghabiskan obat dapat menyebabkan penderita tidak dapat sembuh dan menyebabkan obat tidak mampu lagi melawan kuman karena kuman menjadi kebal.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pneumonia</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for penyakit pneumonia" height="157" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1200/1*3u0BLIkq6AQaMpk8erF8rg.jpeg" width="320" /></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri, virus atau jamur yang menginfeksi paru-paru khususnya di alveolus. Penyakit ini menyebabkan oksigen susah masuk karena alveolus dipenuhi oleh cairan.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Selalu memelihara kebersihan dan menjaga daya tahan tubuh tetap kuat dapat mencegah agar bakteri tidak mampu menembus pertahanan kesehatan tubuh.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Biasakan untuk mencuci tangan, makan makanan bergizi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> berolahraga secara teratur.</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan:</li>
</ul>
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Apabila telah menderita pneumonia, biasanya disembuhkan dengan meminum <a href="http://pinginsehat.info/2011/03/fakta-menarik-tentang-antibiotik/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;">antibiotik</a>.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Emfisema</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Emfisema disebabkan karena hilangnya elastisitas alveolus. Alveolus sendiri adalah gelembung-gelembung yang terdapat dalam paru-paru. Pada penderita emfisema, volume paru-paru lebih besar dibandingkan dengan orang yang sehat karena karbondioksida yang seharusnya dikeluarkan dari paru-paru terperangkap didalamnya. Asap rokok dan kekurangan enzim alfa-1-antitripsin adalah penyebab kehilangan elastisitas pada paru-paru.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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Menghindari asap rokok adalah langkah terbaik untuk mencegah penyakit ini. Berhenti merokok juga sangat penting.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Bronkitis</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">bronkitis disebabkan</strong> oleh peradangan pada bronkus (saluran yang membawa udara menuju paru-paru). Penyebabnya bisa karena infeksi kuman, bakteri atau virus. Penyebab lainnya adalah asap rokok, debu, atau polutan udara.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh merupakan salah satu pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sedangkan untuk mencegah bronkitis kronik adalah dengan menghentikan kebiasaan merokok juga menghindari asap rokok agar tidak menjadi perokok pasif yang sangat berbahaya.</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Untuk pengobatan bila disebabkan oleh bakteri atau kuman dapat diatasi dengan meminum <a href="http://pinginsehat.info/2011/03/fakta-menarik-tentang-antibiotik/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;">antibiotik</a> sesuai anjuran dokter. Bila disebabkan oleh virus, biasanya digunakan obat-obatan untuk meringankan gejala.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Asbestosis</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Adalah suatu <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penyakit">penyakit</a> saluran pernafasan yang di sebabkan oleh menghirup serat-serat <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asbes&action=edit&redlink=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asbes (belum dibuat)">asbes</a>, dimana pada <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paru-paru" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paru-paru">paru-paru</a> terbentuk jaringan parut yang luas. Asbestos terdiri dari serat silikat mineral dengan komposisi kimiawi yang berbeda. Jika terhisap, serat asbes mengendap di dalam dalam paru-paru, menyebabkan parut. Menghirup asbes juga dapat menyebabkan penebalan<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pleura&action=edit&redlink=1" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #e96e76; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pleura (belum dibuat)">pleura</a> (selaput yang melapisi paru-paru).</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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Asbestosis dapat dicegah dengan mengurangi kadar serat dan debu asbes di lingkungan kerja. Karena industri yang menggunakan asbes sudah melakukan kontrol debu, sekarang ini lebih sedikit yang menderita asbestosis, tetapi mesotelioma masih terjadi pada orang yang pernah terpapar 40 tahun lalu.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Pengobatan suportif untuk mengatasi gejala yang timbul adalah membuang lendir/dahak dari paru-paru melalui prosedur postural drainase, perkusi dada dan vibrasi. Diberikan obat semprot untuk mengencerkan lendir. Mungkin perlu diberikan oksigen, baik melalui sungkup muka (masker) maupun melalui selang plastik yang dipasang di lubang hidung. Kadang dilakukan pencangkokan paru-paru. Mesotelioma berakibat fatal, kemoterapi tidak banyak bermanfaat dan pengangkatan tumor tidak menyembuhkan kanker.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Paru-paru hitam</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Paru-paru hitam merupakan akibat dari terhirupnya serbuk batubara dalam jangka waktu yang lama. Merokok tidak menyebabkan meningkatnya angka kejadian paru-paru hitam, tetapi bisa memberikan efek tambahan yang berbahaya bagi paru-paru. Resiko menderita paru-paru hitam berhubungan dengan lamanya dan luasnya pemaparan terhadap debu batubara. Kebanyakan pekerja yang terkena berusia lebih dari 50 tahun. Penyakit ini ditemukan pada 6 dari 100.000 orang.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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Paru-paru hitam dapat dicegah dengan menghindari debu batubara pada lingkungan kerja. Pekerja tambang batubara harus menjalani pemeriksaan foto dada tiap 4-5 tahun sehingga penyakit ini dapat ditemukan pada stadium awal. Jika ditemukan penyakit, maka pekerja tersebut harus dipindahkan ke daerah dimana kadar debu batubaranya rendah, untuk menghindari terjadinya fibrosis masif progresif.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Tidak ada pengobatan khusus untuk penyakit ini, selain untuk mengobati komplikasinya (gagal jantung kanan atau tuberkulosis paru). Jika terjadi gangguan pernapasan, maka diberikan bronkodilator dan ekspektoran. Tetapi adalah penting untuk menghindari pemaparan lebih lanjut.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Sinusitis</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Sinusitis adalah infeksi dalam rongga sinus yaitu rongga berisi udara yang letaknya dalam rongga kepala di sekitar hidung. Infeksi atau peradangan sinus umumnya terjadi sebagai kelanjutan infeksi hidung. Setiap kondisi dalam hidung yang menghambat aliran keluar cairan hidung cenderung menyebabkan infeksi dari sinus. Seperti adanya infeksi virus, bakteri atau benda asing penyebab alergi dapat menimbulkan pembengkakan selaput lendir hidung dan hal yang sama juga terjadi pada sinus sehingga menutup hubungan antara sinus dan hidung. Alergen yang terhirup seperti debu, spora jamur, bulu binatang, serbuk sari bunga, dan lain-lain menimbulkan reaksi alergi dan pembengkakan yang dapat berpengaruh atas timbulnya serangan sinusitis.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Infeksi virus dan bakteri harus dihindari dengan meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh misalnya istirahat dan gizi yang cukup serta olahraga yang teratur.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"> Hindari juga alergen seperti debu, asap rokok dan polusi lain serta obat-obatan dan jenis makanan tertentu yang dapat menimbulkan alergi.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jenis alergennya harus diketahui agar reaksi selanjutnya dapat dihindari atau dikurangi. Menyelam dan berenang juga harus dihindari karena air dapat masuk ke dalam sinus sehingga menimbulkan sumbatan atau infeksi.</li>
</ol>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Pleuritis</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for penyakit pleuritis" height="156" 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" width="320" /></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Pleuritis adalah peradangan pada pleura, yang merupakan, lembab berlapis ganda membran yang mengelilingi paru-paru dan garis tulang rusuk. Kondisi ini dapat membuat napas sangat menyakitkan. Kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan kondisi lain yang disebut efusi pleura, di mana kelebihan cairan mengisi daerah antara lapisan membran itu.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Pengobatan yang dilakukan pada penderita sinusitis biasanya meliputi:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Suntikan anti alergi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menghindari pencetus alergi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Semprotan hidung yang mengandungkortikosteroid untuk membantu mengurangi bengkak di rongga sinus, terutama karena adanya polip ataupun karena alergi.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan operasi untuk membersihkan dan mengeringkan rongga sinus mungkin diperlukan terutama bagi pasien yang mengalami peradangan yang berulang.</li>
</ol>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Kanker paru-paru</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Kanker paru-paru adalah pertumbuhan sel kanker yang tidak terkendali dalam jaringan paru. Jika dibiarkan pertumbuhan yang abnormal ini dapat menyebar ke organ lain, baik yang dekat dengan paru maupun yang jauh misalnya tulang, hati, atau otak. Penyakit kanker paru-paru lebih banyak disebabkan oleh merokok (87%), sedangkan sisanya disebabkan oleh zat asbes, radiasi, arsen, kromat, nikel, klorometil eter, gas mustard dan pancaran oven arang bisa menyebabkan kanker paru-paru, meskipun biasanya hanya terjadi pada pekerja yang juga merokok.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Berhenti dan hindari merokok.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Beberapa tindakan yang dapat dilakukan adalah:</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan operasi pembedahan mengangkat sell kanker</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan Therapy Radiasi</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan Therapy Kemotherapy</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Tindakan penyuntikan {Photodynamic (PTD)}</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pemberian Nutrisi dan supplement dapat mengurang gejala yang disebabkan oleh kanker paru. Vitamin D dan Fe sangat baik untuk diberikan oleh penderita penyakit kanker paru, Begitu pula dengan makanan antioxidant seperti blueberri, cherri, dan buah tomat</li>
</ol>
<strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">D. </strong><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>GANGGUAN PADA KULIT</b></span><span style="color: #252137; font-family: Source Sans Pro, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><b>Skabies</b></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Image result for scabies" height="213" src="https://www.fabhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/intro-scabies.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Kudis (scabies) adalah penyakit kulit yang menular, penyakit ini memiliki gejala gatal, dan rasa gatal tersebut akan lebih para pada malam hari. Sering muncul di tempat-tempat lembab di tubuh seperti misalnya, tangan, ketiak, pantat, kunci paha dan terkang di celang jari tangan atau kaki.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">mencuci sperai tempat tidur, handuk dan pakaian yan dipakai dalam 2 hari belakangan dengan air hangat dan deterjen.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menjaga kebersihan kulit.</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Untuk pengobatan luar, cukup ambil daun, kulit, batang, atau akar salam seperlunya. Cuci bersih, lalu giling halus sampai menjad adonan seperti bubur. Balurkan ke tempat yang gatal, kemudian dibalut.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Kurap</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Penyakit Kurap merupakan suatu penyakit kulit menular yang disebabkan oleh fungsi. Gejala kurap mulai dapat dikenali ketika terdapat baian kecil yang kasar pada kulit dan dikelilingi lingkaran merah muda.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
<ol style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mencuci tangan yang sempurna.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menjaga kebersihan tubuh.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Mengindari kontak dengan penderita.</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Dapat diobati dengan anti jamur yang mengandung mikonazol dan kloritomazol dengan benar dapat menghilangkan infeksi.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Panu</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Panu adalah salah satu penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh jamur. Penyakit panau ditandai dengan bercak yang terdapat pada kulit disertai rasa gatal pada saat berkeringat. Bercak-bercak ini bisa berwarna putih, coklat atau merah tergantung warna kulit si penderita.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Panu paling banyak dijumpai pada remaja usia belasan. Meskipun begitu panau juga bisa ditemukan pada penderita berumur tua.</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Menjaga kebersihan badan.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Usahakan agar kulit dalam keadaan kering dan tidak lembab.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pakaian dan handuk mandi jangan sampai lembab, karena pakaian yang lembab memicu tumbuhnya jamur.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jangan menggunakan pakaian atau peralatan mandi dengan penderita panu.</li>
</ol>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
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Panu dapat diobati dengan obat-obatan tradisional seperti daun sirih yang dicampur dengan kapur sirih dan dioles pada kulit yang terserang Panu. Atau juga dapat digunakan obat-obat yang di jual di pasaran seperti Pandas dan Kalpanax.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Biduran</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Biduran disebabkan oleh udara dingin, alergi makanan dan alergi bahan kimia. Biduran ditandai dengan timbulnya bentol-bentol yang tidak beraturan dan terasa gatal. Biduran dapat berlangsung beberapa jam dan dapat juga berlangsung berhari-hari.</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Bagi penderita biduran, pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan menghindari faktor-faktor penyebab tim bulnya bidur. Seperti udara dingin, makanan dan bahan kimia.</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Pengobatan dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan resep obat yang diberikan oleh dokter.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Ringworm</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Related image" height="179" src="https://www.healthline.com/hlcmsresource/images/Image-Galleries/Ringworm/ringworm_neck.jpg" width="320" /></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Ringworm adalah sejenis jamur yang menginfeksi kulit. Infeksi ini ditandai dengan timbulnya bercak lingkaran di kulit.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Pencegahan penyakit ini dilakukan dengan menjaga agar kulit tetap kering dan tidak lembab.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Pengobatannya dilakukan dengan mengkonsumsi obat anti jamur.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Psosiaris</b><br /><ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
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Penyebab pasti dari penyakit ini belum bisa ditentukan, tetapi hasil dari banyak penelitian penyakit ini disebabkan adanya gangguan pada sistem kekebalan tubuh. Ada dua tipe sel darah putih yang berperan dalam sistem kekebalan tubuh kita, yaitu sel limfosit T dan limfosit B. Pada psoriaris terjadi aktivasi limfosit T yang tidak normal di kulit. Ini menyebabkan kulit menjadi meradang secara berlebihan.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pengobatan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Psoriasis belum dapat disembuhkan secara total, tetapi pengobatan teratur dapat menekan gejala menjadi tidak nampak. Gejala yang ditimbulkannya adalah kulit kemerahan yang dapat terjadi di kulit kepala, sikut, punggung, dan lutut.</div>
<b style="color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Kanker kulit</b></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img alt="Related image" height="217" src="http://res.cloudinary.com/dk0z4ums3/image/upload/v1492874883/attached_image/kanker-kulit-alodokter.jpg" width="320" /></div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Penyebab :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Penyakit kanker kulit disebabkan oleh penerimaan sinar matahari yang berlebihan. Penyakit ini lebih sering menyerang orang yang berkulit putih atau terang, karena warna kulit tersebut lebih sensitif terhadap sinar matahari.</div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: square; margin: 16px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;">Pencegahan :</li>
</ul>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #252137; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 24px;">
Pencegahan dapat dilakukan dengan tabir surya atau menghindari kontak dengan sinar matahari yang terlalu banyak.</div>
</div>
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<br />
Sumber :<br />
<a href="http://budisma.net/2014/09/alat-ekskresi-pada-manusia-dan-fungsinya.html">http://budisma.net/2014/09/alat-ekskresi-pada-manusia-dan-fungsinya.html</a><br />
<a href="https://fitria97.wordpress.com/tugas-tugas/ipa/biologi/gangguan-pada-sistem-ekskresi-manusia/">https://fitria97.wordpress.com/tugas-tugas/ipa/biologi/gangguan-pada-sistem-ekskresi-manusia/</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/KdncmU">https://goo.gl/images/KdncmU</a><br />
<a href="https://goo.gl/images/Ty18CM">https://goo.gl/images/Ty18CM</a><br />
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<a href="https://goo.gl/images/yyWWsd">https://goo.gl/images/yyWWsd</a>puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4331137116526821604.post-27006902865970022012018-02-21T22:32:00.002-08:002018-02-21T22:32:53.324-08:00Hiasan Donat Dari Kaos Kaki<h3 class="post-title entry-title" itemprop="name" style="background-color: white; color: #29aae1; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative;">
<a href="http://fahjfm.blogspot.co.id/2018/02/donat-dari-kaos-kaki.html" style="color: #29aae1; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Donat dari Kaos Kaki</span></a></h3>
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<br /><br /><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kelompok 5:</span><br /><br /><ol>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="http://khar1stabdillah.blogspot.co.id/" style="color: #015782; text-decoration-line: none;">Muhammad Kharis Abdillah</a></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="http://puancandra.blogspot.co.id/" style="color: #015782; text-decoration-line: none;">Puan Candra Syahanani</a></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="http://salsabiladewiamalia.blogspot.co.id/" style="color: #015782; text-decoration-line: none;">Salsabila Dewi Amalia</a></span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><a href="http://fahjfm.blogspot.co.id/" style="color: #015782; text-decoration-line: none;">Ulfah Jaafar Maysaroh</a></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Alat dan Bahan:</span><ul style="line-height: 1.4; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.5em 0px; padding: 0px 2.5em;">
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kaos kaki Rp 15.000,00</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Kain flanel Rp 1.500,00</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Dakron Rp 5.000,00</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lem tembak/bakar Rp 2.000,00</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Hiasan donat Rp 5.000,00</span></li>
<li style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0.25em 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Gunting dan pulpen Sendiri</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Langkah Pembuatan:</span><ol>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Potong ujung kaos kaki</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lipat pada ujungnya</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Isi dakron pada lipatan tadi</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lalu, selimuti lipatan tadi dengan bagian kaos kaki yang tidak terlipat</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Lakukan terus menerus hingga bagian kaos kaki tersebut habis </span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tempelkan bagian akhir kaos kaki menggunakan lem tembak</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Potong kain flanel sesuai pola yang diinginkan</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tempelkan pada sisi tempat menempel bagian akhir kaos kaki tadi</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Tempeli dengan hiasan</span></li>
<li style="margin: 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Donat dari kaos kaki dapat digunakan untuk menancapkan jarum, hiasan kulkas, gantungan kunci, dan sebagainya </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Contoh:</span></div>
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puancandrahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08022512736706483165noreply@blogger.com0